Question 1

A two-month-old baby is found to lack class I MHC molecules.How would this defect impact an adaptive immune response?

Accepted Answer

Class I MHC molecules are found on the s

Question 2

The cell indicated on this illustration has the surface molecule

Accepted Answer

A)  CD4. 
B)  Class I MHC. 
C)  Class II MHC. 
D)  CD8. 
A)  CD4. 
B)  Class I MHC. 
C)  Class II MHC. 
D)  CD8.

Question 3

Why are cytotoxic T (TC)cells more effective than antibodies at clearing viral infections?

Accepted Answer

A)  TC cells are able to recognize free viral particles as they circulate through lymph nodes. 
B)  Antibodies bind weakly to antigen-MHC I complexes on antigen-presenting cells. 
C)  Antibodies are only able to bind to extracellular antigen, and viruses tend to be intracellular. 
D)  TC cells are activated more strongly than B cells by cytokines released by helper T cells. 
A)  TC cells are able to recognize free viral particles as they circulate through lymph nodes. 
B)  Antibodies bind weakly to antigen-MHC I complexes on antigen-presenting cells. 
C)  Antibodies are only able to bind to extracellular antigen, and viruses tend to be intracellular. 
D)  TC cells are activated more strongly than B cells by cytokines released by helper T cells.

Question 4

Proteins that do not require antigen processing and presentation are referred to as ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Proteins that do not require antigen processing...

Question 5

The small peptides released by various cells that influence the direction and intensity of an immune response are known as ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The small peptides released by various cells...

Question 6

T-cell receptors (TCRs)are only able to bind

Accepted Answer

A)  peptides. 
B)  lipids. 
C)  polysaccharides. 
D)  DNA. 
A)  peptides. 
B)  lipids. 
C)  polysaccharides. 
D)  DNA.

Question 7

The direct consequence of a CD40 protein on a B cell binding to a CD40 ligand on a T cell is

Accepted Answer

A)  initiation of an intracellular signal required for B cell activation. 
B)  heavy-chain class switching in the B cell. 
C)  release of IL-2 from the T cell. 
D)  release of perforins and granzymes from the T cell. 
A)  initiation of an intracellular signal required for B cell activation. 
B)  heavy-chain class switching in the B cell. 
C)  release of IL-2 from the T cell. 
D)  release of perforins and granzymes from the T cell.

Question 8

T cells that secrete IL-4,IL-5,and IL-6 and that play a major role in helping B cells are known as ________ cells.

Accepted Answer

A)  Treg 
B)  TH₂ 
C)  TH₁ 
D)  TH0 
A)  Treg 
B)  TH₂ 
C)  TH₁ 
D)  TH0

Question 9

Describe how infection by a virus such as hepatitis B causes tissue damage.

Accepted Answer

Intracellular pathogens such as viruses

Question 10

A humoral immune response involves the production of ________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A humoral immune response involves the production...

Question 11

Why does B-cell proliferation and differentiation often require assistance from helper T cells?

Accepted Answer

A)  Capping does not occur unless epitopes are found in multiple copies. 
B)  B cells require antigen presentation by helper T cells. 
C)  Microbes often destroy B-cell receptors and then B cells require help from T cells. 
D)  Helper T cells are required to move epitopes closer together for capping by B cells. 
A)  Capping does not occur unless epitopes are found in multiple copies. 
B)  B cells require antigen presentation by helper T cells. 
C)  Microbes often destroy B-cell receptors and then B cells require help from T cells. 
D)  Helper T cells are required to move epitopes closer together for capping by B cells.

Question 12

Which of the following accurately describes how a foreign molecule leads to the production of antibody?

Accepted Answer

A)  Individual epitopes on an antigen are recognized and a single antibody is produced for each epitope. 
B)  The immune system recognizes whole microbes and responds by secreting a single antibody against the microbe. 
C)  The immune system recognizes individual haptens on an antigen and secretes several antibodies directed against that hapten. 
D)  Groups of epitopes on an antigen are recognized and a single antibody is produced for each group. 
A)  Individual epitopes on an antigen are recognized and a single antibody is produced for each epitope. 
B)  The immune system recognizes whole microbes and responds by secreting a single antibody against the microbe. 
C)  The immune system recognizes individual haptens on an antigen and secretes several antibodies directed against that hapten. 
D)  Groups of epitopes on an antigen are recognized and a single antibody is produced for each group.

Question 13

Explain how humans are able to produce millions of different antibodies when there are only about 1,000 genes or gene segments involved in antibody formation.

Accepted Answer

The genes involved in antibody formation

Question 14

Natalia and Julia are looking through primary literature for information about antibodies.One of the articles is titled "Generating Diversity in Idiotypes." Would you expect this article to compare different species,different individuals of the same species,or different antibodies within individuals? Explain your answer.

Accepted Answer

This article covers antibody diversity w

Question 15

The figure shown illustrates clonal expansion of activated B cells.What are the two cell types produced by this cell line?

Accepted Answer

A)  plasma cells and memory B cells 
B)  antigen-presenting cells and memory T cells 
C)  activated T cells and plasma cells 
D)  memory B cells and dendritic cells 
A)  plasma cells and memory B cells 
B)  antigen-presenting cells and memory T cells 
C)  activated T cells and plasma cells 
D)  memory B cells and dendritic cells

Question 16

How are memory B cells able to persist for many years?

Accepted Answer

A)  Memory B cells are continuously stimulated by cytokines released from helper T cells. 
B)  Memory B cells undergo hypermutation, which allows them to survive indefinitely. 
C)  Memory B cells use gene rearrangement to prevent apoptosis from occurring. 
D)  Memory B cells with receptors that match with antigen produce anti-apoptosis protein. 
A)  Memory B cells are continuously stimulated by cytokines released from helper T cells. 
B)  Memory B cells undergo hypermutation, which allows them to survive indefinitely. 
C)  Memory B cells use gene rearrangement to prevent apoptosis from occurring. 
D)  Memory B cells with receptors that match with antigen produce anti-apoptosis protein.

Question 17

Which of the following statements is an example of a situation in which cross-protection will occur?

Accepted Answer

A)  A vaccine is administered for one of two viruses that share epitopes. 
B)  A single virus triggers a response from both B cells and T cells. 
C)  An antigen forms a cross-link between two antibodies. 
D)  A combination vaccine is administered to provide protection against three viruses. 
A)  A vaccine is administered for one of two viruses that share epitopes. 
B)  A single virus triggers a response from both B cells and T cells. 
C)  An antigen forms a cross-link between two antibodies. 
D)  A combination vaccine is administered to provide protection against three viruses.

Question 18

Almost 95% of T cells entering the thymus die when apoptosis is triggered during

Accepted Answer

A)  positive selection. 
B)  negative selection. 
C)  antibody production. 
D)  MHC recognition. 
A)  positive selection. 
B)  negative selection. 
C)  antibody production. 
D)  MHC recognition.

Question 19

Describe the process of affinity maturation.

Accepted Answer

Hypermutation of the DNA encoding the an

Question 20

A newborn receives passive immunity through

Accepted Answer

A)  IgG. 
B)  IgM. 
C)  IgD. 
D)  IgE. 
A)  IgG. 
B)  IgM. 
C)  IgD. 
D)  IgE.

Exam 16: The Immune System: Adaptive Immunity

A two-month-old baby is found to lack class I MHC molecules.How would this defect impact an adaptive immune response?

The cell indicated on this illustration has the surface molecule

Why are cytotoxic T (TC)cells more effective than antibodies at clearing viral infections?

Proteins that do not require antigen processing and presentation are referred to as ________.

The small peptides released by various cells that influence the direction and intensity of an immune response are known as ________.

T-cell receptors (TCRs)are only able to bind

The direct consequence of a CD40 protein on a B cell binding to a CD40 ligand on a T cell is

T cells that secrete IL-4,IL-5,and IL-6 and that play a major role in helping B cells are known as ________ cells.

Describe how infection by a virus such as hepatitis B causes tissue damage.

A humoral immune response involves the production of ________.

Why does B-cell proliferation and differentiation often require assistance from helper T cells?

Which of the following accurately describes how a foreign molecule leads to the production of antibody?

Explain how humans are able to produce millions of different antibodies when there are only about 1,000 genes or gene segments involved in antibody formation.

The figure shown illustrates clonal expansion of activated B cells.What are the two cell types produced by this cell line?

How are memory B cells able to persist for many years?

Which of the following statements is an example of a situation in which cross-protection will occur?

Almost 95% of T cells entering the thymus die when apoptosis is triggered during

Describe the process of affinity maturation.

A newborn receives passive immunity through

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