Exam 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing What’s Best for Others

According to evolutionary theory, it can be adaptive for people to help others who share their genes. This idea is known as ____.

A number of people at Emma's company were recently laid off due to the economy. Even though Emma did not lose her job, she nonetheless feels uncomfortable with the situation. She thinks it is unfair that she still has her job while so many other people were laid off. Social psychologists would say that Emma is experiencing a contemporary version of ____.

Last weekend Victor helped his sister move into her new apartment. He didn't really feel like helping her, but he wanted to put her "in his debt," because he is planning to ask her if he can stay at her place for a couple of weeks. By helping his sister move, Victor was thus apparently engaging in ____.

If Maria helps another person with the sole goal of increasing his or her welfare, and expects nothing from the other person in return, then she is said to be engaging in ____.

Research indicates that male and female helping behavior in the "spring break" situation is ____.

Modeling helpful behavior can promote helping behavior equally well whether it is a live model or a televised model.

Alicia and her friends are singing karaoke. Alicia is an extremely talented singer-much better than her friends. She feels awkward about being so good, however, so she sort of "fakes bad"; she doesn't want her friends to be envious of her singing talent. Social psychologists would say that Alicia is experiencing ____.

In lay terms, the term "conformity" refers to ____.

The tendency for people to believe that the world is essentially a fair place-that people usually get what they deserve and deserve what they get-is known as ____.

Suppose that you are in an emergency situation and need help. Social psychological research suggests that your best bet is to ____.

Equity is another word for equality; the equity norm and the equality norm are the same thing.

Much of the time, people engage in altruistic behaviors because doing so makes them feel good. Is it correct to conclude, then, that altruistic acts are fundamentally selfish at their core? What do social psychologists generally conclude?

Social psychologists distinguish between two types of helping, which are defined by different motives: ____.

In social psychology, the tendency for people to be less likely to offer help when they are in the presence of others than when they aren't is known as ____.

Some evidence suggests that empathy levels are ____ in college students.

Many have argued that Milgram's classic research on obedience to authority was unethical. Indeed, Milgram's research provided much of the impetus for the implementation of ethics committees and research review boards in universities. Why? What was the chief complaint?

In one well-known study on empathy, participants had to watch a confederate receive 10 full trials of electric shocks. They were told that their values and interests were similar to those of the confederate, or that their values and interests were different from those of the confederate. After the first two trials had been conducted, participants were then either given no escape (had to watch the full 10 trials) or easy escape (allowed to leave and not watch the full 10 trials). After the first two trials, participants were asked whether they would switch places with the confederate, as she was apparently very upset by the shocks due to a negative childhood experience with electricity. The researchers found that ____ agreed to switch places.

According to research, when will your employees be MOST likely to help one another out and speak well of their jobs?

Suppose that Paul and Oscar are buying frozen yogurt. Both of them are inclined to order the same flavor-pistachio-but they feel unadventurous about ordering the same flavor. If Oscar goes ahead and orders the pistachio for himself, then it is likely that Paul will ____.

Altruistic helping is motivated by ____ and the end goal is to ____.