Exam 5: Learning

In a ____________-ratio schedule,reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses.

Behavior modification is used to increase undesired behaviors while looking at others who are performing desired behaviors.

Explain the study conducted by John B.Watson with Little Albert. Watson showed the classical conditioning was at the root of many learned fears by conditioning an 11 month old infant named Albert to be afraid of rats."Little Albert" was frightened by loud noises but had no fear of rats.In the study,the experimenters sounded a loud noise just as they showed Little Albert a rat.The noise evoked fear.After a few pairings of the noise and the rat,Albert began to show fear of the rat by itself,bursting into tears when he saw it.The rat had become a conditioned stimulus that brought about the conditioned response.The effects of the conditioning lingered since five days later Albert reacted with fear not only when shown a rat,but when shown objects that looked similar to the white,furry rat,including a white rabbit,a white seal-skin coat,and even a white Santa Claus mask.

A _________-interval schedule provides reinforcement for a response only if a set time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low.

If you reinforce a behavior some but not all of the time,then it is called a ____________ reinforcement schedule.

A stimulus that naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned is called a(n)_____________ stimulus.

A type of learning where you watch the behavior of another person or model is called ____________ learning.

___________ conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

Schedules of reinforcement are

A ______________-interval schedule is a schedule by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being set.

In a ____________-ratio schedule,reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses.

A stimulus that,before conditioning,does not naturally bring about the response of interest is called a conditioned stimulus.

If two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not,then it is called stimulus _______________.

Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience.

A _________________ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increase in a preceding response.

Shaping is the process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

B.F.Skinner believed that a major part of human learning consists of observational learning.

Explain the relationships between stimuli and responses according to classical conditioning.

A response that,after conditioning,follows a previously neutral stimulus,is called the _____________ response.

Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.