Exam 5: Learning

The process by which a stimulus increases the probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called ___________________.

Reinforcers can be both positive or negative.

Positive reinforcement is the most effective method to shape behavior.

________ conditioning focuses on the natural biological responses to the presence of a stimulus such as food,water,or pain.

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is called ________________.

The goal of conditioning is to associate an item that has no particular meaning with an item that has meaning and will therefore create a new response.

Argue for or against whether or not you think violent video games cause aggressive behavior.

A ______________ reinforcer refers to an unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

Explain how Skinner described operant conditioning.

A _________-interval schedule provides reinforcement for a response only if a set time period has elapsed,making overall rates of response relatively low.

A response that,after conditioning,follows a previously neutral stimulus is called the conditioned response.

Describe a reinforcer,and offer an example of a reinforcer.

Explain the concept of shaping in regards to reinforcement.

A response that,after conditioning,follows a previously neutral stimulus is called the _____________ response.

Celia has a boyfriend who wears a certain cologne all of the time.After Celia and her boyfriend break up and she smells that cologne on someone else,she winces at the smell.Celia is undergoing the effects of which type of conditioning when she smells the cologne and does not like the smell?

In a __________ -ratio schedule,reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses rather than a set number.

When a conditioned response follows a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus,it is called stimulus ________________.

If you reinforce a behavior every time it occurs it is called a(n)___________ reinforcement schedule.

Based on what you have learned about conditioning and reinforcement,determine if punishment is an effective way to modify behavior.

If an infant sees a bright colored toy for the first time and is excited,but then fails to be excited after repeated exposure to the toy,then he/she is exhibiting ____________.