Question 1

Pick one example of a fast and frugal heuristic,define it,and explain why people might use it most of the time.

Accepted Answer

One example of a fast and frugal heuristic is the "take-the-best" heuristic. This heuristic involves making decisions based on only one piece of information, and choosing the option that has the highest value on that piece of information.

For example, if someone is trying to decide which restaurant to go to for dinner, they might use the take-the-best heuristic by choosing the restaurant that has the highest rating on a review website, without considering any other factors such as location or price.

People might use this heuristic most of the time because it allows for quick decision-making without having to consider a lot of information. In our busy and information-overloaded world, people often rely on heuristics to simplify decision-making and save time. Additionally, the take-the-best heuristic often leads to good enough decisions, especially in situations where the decision is not critically important. Therefore, people might default to using this heuristic as a way to make quick and satisfactory decisions in their daily lives.

Question 2

Stereotypes are a reflection,in part,of the __________ heuristic.

Accepted Answer

A) availability 
B) representativeness 
C) belief bias 
D) prejudice 
A) availability 
B) representativeness 
C) belief bias 
D) prejudice B

Question 3

Which of the following is a search error?

Accepted Answer

A) confirmation bias 
B) deny the antecedent 
C) affirm the consequent 
D) misattribution 
A) confirmation bias 
B) deny the antecedent 
C) affirm the consequent 
D) misattribution A

Question 4

__________ is(are)defined as people's misconceptions of the physical world,in particular their understanding of the principles of motion.

Accepted Answer

A) Simulation heuristic 
B) Mental models 
C) Naïve physics 
D) Self-conceptualization of beliefs 
A) Simulation heuristic 
B) Mental models 
C) Naïve physics 
D) Self-conceptualization of beliefs

Question 5

Which is NOT true?

Accepted Answer

A) If a conclusion matches the first mental model derived from the problem,it is particularly easy (and thus likely)to accept the (potentially false)conclusion,leading to fallacies or errors in reasoning. 
B) In statistics,we test against the null hypothesis in hopes that our evidence will be inconsistent with the predicted "no effect" outcome. 
C) When hypothesis testing with increasingly complex if-then relations,the typical mistake is to search for positive,confirming evidence. 
D) The strongest logical test of a scientific theory is to see if the hypothesized effects are produced in accordance with the theoretical predictions. 
A) If a conclusion matches the first mental model derived from the problem,it is particularly easy (and thus likely)to accept the (potentially false)conclusion,leading to fallacies or errors in reasoning. 
B) In statistics,we test against the null hypothesis in hopes that our evidence will be inconsistent with the predicted "no effect" outcome. 
C) When hypothesis testing with increasingly complex if-then relations,the typical mistake is to search for positive,confirming evidence. 
D) The strongest logical test of a scientific theory is to see if the hypothesized effects are produced in accordance with the theoretical predictions.

Question 6

In conditional reasoning,an illicit conversion is a form error.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Asking a subject to judge which set of clock hands produces a larger angle-"3:20 or 7:25" and then "2:15 or 9:20"-produces all but __________.

Accepted Answer

A) symbolic distance effect 
B) evidence for the use of visual imagery 
C) the semantic congruity effect 
D) slower response times for "3:20 vs.7:25" than for "2:15 vs.9:20" 
A) symbolic distance effect 
B) evidence for the use of visual imagery 
C) the semantic congruity effect 
D) slower response times for "3:20 vs.7:25" than for "2:15 vs.9:20"

Question 8

In general,research evidence indicates that people act as rational decision makers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

In using the simulation heuristic to "undo" an event that has already happened,what kind of change is most and least likely to be suggested by the person imagining a different outcome?

Accepted Answer

The simulation heuristic is a psychologi

Question 10

Consider this problem.What does it represent? If it is a weekend,Mark is sailing.
Mark is sailing.
Thus,it is a weekend.

Accepted Answer

A) valid syllogistic reasoning problem 
B) invalid syllogistic reasoning problem 
C) valid conditional reasoning problem 
D) invalid conditional reasoning problem 
A) valid syllogistic reasoning problem 
B) invalid syllogistic reasoning problem 
C) valid conditional reasoning problem 
D) invalid conditional reasoning problem

Question 11

In statistics,we test against the null hypothesis in hopes that our evidence will be inconsistent with the predicted "no effect" outcome.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

__________ is(are)defined as "mental representations of meanings of the terms in reasoning problems."

Accepted Answer

A) Formal logic 
B) Venn diagrams 
C) Mental models 
D) Semantic networks 
A) Formal logic 
B) Venn diagrams 
C) Mental models 
D) Semantic networks

Question 13

Which is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) In general,research evidence indicates that people tend to act as logically rational decision makers. 
B) Denying the consequent leads to a valid inference. 
C) Affirming the antecedent does not lead to a valid inference. 
D) In conditional reasoning,an illicit conversion is best described as a network error. 
A) In general,research evidence indicates that people tend to act as logically rational decision makers. 
B) Denying the consequent leads to a valid inference. 
C) Affirming the antecedent does not lead to a valid inference. 
D) In conditional reasoning,an illicit conversion is best described as a network error.

Question 14

The result,in a symbolic comparison task,in which two relatively different stimuli (e.g.,1 vs.8)are judged more rapidly that two relatively similar stimuli (e.g.,1 vs.2).This effect is called ________.

Accepted Answer

SYMBOLIC D

Question 15

A syllogism is __________.

Accepted Answer

A) a logical truth 
B) only applicable to abstract problems 
C) a three-statement logical form 
D) an ancient,but flawed system 
A) a logical truth 
B) only applicable to abstract problems 
C) a three-statement logical form 
D) an ancient,but flawed system

Question 16

A heuristic is to __________ as an algorithm is to __________.

Accepted Answer

A) correct; incorrect 
B) incorrect; correct 
C) likelihood; certainty 
D) certainty; likelihood 
A) correct; incorrect 
B) incorrect; correct 
C) likelihood; certainty 
D) certainty; likelihood

Question 17

Which of the following represented a "belief" effect?

Accepted Answer

A) Clinical psychologists deviate from the DSM-IV based on their personal views of cause-effect relations. 
B) Israeli students tend to judge simultaneous events in history from Europe as occurring before the matched event in North America. 
C) the confirmation bias 
D) all of the above 
A) Clinical psychologists deviate from the DSM-IV based on their personal views of cause-effect relations. 
B) Israeli students tend to judge simultaneous events in history from Europe as occurring before the matched event in North America. 
C) the confirmation bias 
D) all of the above

Question 18

When using numbers as stimuli,comparison judgments can reveal both semantic congruity and symbolic distance effects.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 19

Which does NOT reflect valid conditional reasoning?

Accepted Answer

A) deny the antecedent 
B) modus tollens 
C) modus ponens 
D) deny the consequent 
A) deny the antecedent 
B) modus tollens 
C) modus ponens 
D) deny the consequent

Question 20

The anchoring and adjustment effect most likely reflects the __________.

Accepted Answer

A) representativeness heuristic 
B) scope ratio 
C) availability heuristic 
D) simulation heuristic 
A) representativeness heuristic 
B) scope ratio 
C) availability heuristic 
D) simulation heuristic

Pick one example of a fast and frugal heuristic,define it,and explain why people might use it most of the time.

Stereotypes are a reflection,in part,of the __________ heuristic.

Which of the following is a search error?

__________ is(are)defined as people's misconceptions of the physical world,in particular their understanding of the principles of motion.

Which is NOT true?

In conditional reasoning,an illicit conversion is a form error.

Asking a subject to judge which set of clock hands produces a larger angle-"3:20 or 7:25" and then "2:15 or 9:20"-produces all but __________.

In general,research evidence indicates that people act as rational decision makers.

In using the simulation heuristic to "undo" an event that has already happened,what kind of change is most and least likely to be suggested by the person imagining a different outcome?

Consider this problem.What does it represent? If it is a weekend,Mark is sailing. Mark is sailing. Thus,it is a weekend.

In statistics,we test against the null hypothesis in hopes that our evidence will be inconsistent with the predicted "no effect" outcome.

__________ is(are)defined as "mental representations of meanings of the terms in reasoning problems."

Which is TRUE?

The result,in a symbolic comparison task,in which two relatively different stimuli (e.g.,1 vs.8)are judged more rapidly that two relatively similar stimuli (e.g.,1 vs.2).This effect is called ________.

A syllogism is __________.

A heuristic is to as an algorithm is to .

Which of the following represented a "belief" effect?

When using numbers as stimuli,comparison judgments can reveal both semantic congruity and symbolic distance effects.

Which does NOT reflect valid conditional reasoning?

The anchoring and adjustment effect most likely reflects the __________.

Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction

Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science

Sensation and Perception

Attention

Short-Term Working Memory

Learning and Remembering

Knowing

Using Knowledge in the Real World

Language

Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

Problem Solving

Cognition and Emotion

Cognitive Development

Filters

Exam 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning

Pick one example of a fast and frugal heuristic,define it,and explain why people might use it most of the time.

Stereotypes are a reflection,in part,of the __________ heuristic.

Which of the following is a search error?

__________ is(are)defined as people's misconceptions of the physical world,in particular their understanding of the principles of motion.

Which is NOT true?

In conditional reasoning,an illicit conversion is a form error.

Asking a subject to judge which set of clock hands produces a larger angle-"3:20 or 7:25" and then "2:15 or 9:20"-produces all but __________.

In general,research evidence indicates that people act as rational decision makers.

In using the simulation heuristic to "undo" an event that has already happened,what kind of change is most and least likely to be suggested by the person imagining a different outcome?

Consider this problem.What does it represent? If it is a weekend,Mark is sailing. Mark is sailing. Thus,it is a weekend.

In statistics,we test against the null hypothesis in hopes that our evidence will be inconsistent with the predicted "no effect" outcome.

__________ is(are)defined as "mental representations of meanings of the terms in reasoning problems."

Which is TRUE?

The result,in a symbolic comparison task,in which two relatively different stimuli (e.g.,1 vs.8)are judged more rapidly that two relatively similar stimuli (e.g.,1 vs.2).This effect is called ________.

A syllogism is __________.

A heuristic is to __________ as an algorithm is to __________.

Which of the following represented a "belief" effect?

When using numbers as stimuli,comparison judgments can reveal both semantic congruity and symbolic distance effects.

Which does NOT reflect valid conditional reasoning?

The anchoring and adjustment effect most likely reflects the __________.

Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction

Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science

Sensation and Perception

Attention

Short-Term Working Memory

Learning and Remembering

Knowing

Using Knowledge in the Real World

Language

Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

Problem Solving

Cognition and Emotion

Cognitive Development

Filters

A heuristic is to as an algorithm is to .