Question 1

In conditional reasoning,the confirmation bias is a search error.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 2

Consider this problem.What does it represent? Premise 1:	If it is a weekend,Mark is sailing.
Premise 2:	Mark is sailing.
Conclusion:	It is a weekend.

Accepted Answer

A) syllogistic reasoning 
B) affirm the antecedent 
C) illicit conversion 
D) deny the antecedent 
A) syllogistic reasoning 
B) affirm the antecedent 
C) illicit conversion 
D) deny the antecedent

Question 3

In reasoning,the tendency to search for evidence that confirms a conclusion is __________.

Accepted Answer

A) confirmation bias 
B) the search for positive evidence 
C) a major source of human error in decision making 
D) all of the above 
A) confirmation bias 
B) the search for positive evidence 
C) a major source of human error in decision making 
D) all of the above

Question 4

Consider the following problem and then choose which of the statements below is NOT true. If each of 10 people at a meeting shakes hands (once)with every other person,how many handshakes are exchanged?

Accepted Answer

A) The descriptive model might be "Ten people shaking hands with nine folks each… a couple fewer because you want to avoid repetitions ...say something like maybe sixty to seventy?" 
B) The normative method will yield the "correct" answer: in this case,N x ((N-1)/2). 
C) A heuristic approach is not necessarily systematic or orderly,instead relying on educated guessing. 
D) The algorithmic approach will differ substantially from the normative model of what is "right"; that is,it is particularly prone to distortions,inaccuracies,and omissions. 
A) The descriptive model might be "Ten people shaking hands with nine folks each… a couple fewer because you want to avoid repetitions ...say something like maybe sixty to seventy?" 
B) The normative method will yield the "correct" answer: in this case,N x ((N-1)/2). 
C) A heuristic approach is not necessarily systematic or orderly,instead relying on educated guessing. 
D) The algorithmic approach will differ substantially from the normative model of what is "right"; that is,it is particularly prone to distortions,inaccuracies,and omissions.

Question 5

An algorithm is __________.

Accepted Answer

A) a specific rule or solution procedure that is certain to yield the correct answer if followed correctly 
B) an informal "rule of thumb" method for solving problems,not necessarily guaranteed to solve the problem correctly,but usually much faster or more tractable than other alternatives 
C) the act of someone who reasons; to think logically; to analyze with reason 
D) the mental representation of meaning in a reasoning problem 
A) a specific rule or solution procedure that is certain to yield the correct answer if followed correctly 
B) an informal "rule of thumb" method for solving problems,not necessarily guaranteed to solve the problem correctly,but usually much faster or more tractable than other alternatives 
C) the act of someone who reasons; to think logically; to analyze with reason 
D) the mental representation of meaning in a reasoning problem

Question 6

The strongest logical test of a scientific theory is to see if the hypothesized effects are produced in accordance with the theoretical predictions.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

What is the SNARC effect?

Accepted Answer

The SNARC effect, which stands for "Spat

Question 8

Why might we care about naïve physics?

Accepted Answer

Naïve physics, also known as folk physic

Question 9

Kahneman & Tversky (1973)report having people read various personality descriptions and then estimate the likelihood or probability that a person was a member of one or another profession.They report __________.

Accepted Answer

A) good use of prior odds in the "bare bones" situation 
B) that stereotypic information biased the reported likelihood in the direction of the stereotype 
C) that worthless information did not bias the reported likelihood; prior probabilities were retained unless the information was consistent with a stereotype 
D) that the descriptive model deviated strongly from the normative model 
A) good use of prior odds in the "bare bones" situation 
B) that stereotypic information biased the reported likelihood in the direction of the stereotype 
C) that worthless information did not bias the reported likelihood; prior probabilities were retained unless the information was consistent with a stereotype 
D) that the descriptive model deviated strongly from the normative model

Question 10

For the purposes of this course,why do we care about mental models? As a product designer,how might discovering knowledge about users' mental models help me?

Accepted Answer

For the purposes of this course, we care

Question 11

If a conclusion matches the first mental model derived from the problem,it is particularly easy (and thus likely)to accept the (potentially false)conclusion,leading to fallacies or errors in reasoning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

Making judgments about which is smaller-a "1" or a "2" versus a "1" or a "4"-will illustrate __________.

Accepted Answer

A) the symbolic congruity effect 
B) the Stroop effect 
C) the imagery effect 
D) the symbolic distance effect 
A) the symbolic congruity effect 
B) the Stroop effect 
C) the imagery effect 
D) the symbolic distance effect

Question 13

Judging events as more frequent or important just because they are more familiar in memory illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

A) familiarity bias 
B) salience bias 
C) vividness bias 
D) the effect of general world knowledge 
A) familiarity bias 
B) salience bias 
C) vividness bias 
D) the effect of general world knowledge

Question 14

Johnson-Laird argued that __________.

Accepted Answer

A) Humans cannot use formal logic 
B) Humans use mental models of the described state of affairs 
C) Human decision making is intrinsically connected to language skills 
D) Human decision making relies on explicit hypothesis testing 
A) Humans cannot use formal logic 
B) Humans use mental models of the described state of affairs 
C) Human decision making is intrinsically connected to language skills 
D) Human decision making relies on explicit hypothesis testing

Question 15

Johnston-Laird reports that people's performance on the Wason card task can be greatly improved by __________.

Accepted Answer

A) using Venn diagrams 
B) seeking disconfirmation 
C) making the situation concrete 
D) casting a more appropriate frame via headers 
A) using Venn diagrams 
B) seeking disconfirmation 
C) making the situation concrete 
D) casting a more appropriate frame via headers

Question 16

Consider this pair of judgments about which is smaller: "Which is smaller,a sheep or a bear?" and "Which is smaller,a mouse or a rat?" The faster response to the second question illustrates __________.

Accepted Answer

A) the semantic congruity effect 
B) the imagery effect 
C) the number magnitude effect 
D) the symbolic distance effect 
A) the semantic congruity effect 
B) the imagery effect 
C) the number magnitude effect 
D) the symbolic distance effect

Question 17

In the __________,knowledge from a variety of sources is factored into a decision (e.g.,Chicago judged north of Rome based on "Northern North America" vs."Southern Europe").

Accepted Answer

A) symbolic distance effect 
B) semantic imagery effect 
C) semantic congruity effect 
D) plausible reasoning hypothesis 
A) symbolic distance effect 
B) semantic imagery effect 
C) semantic congruity effect 
D) plausible reasoning hypothesis

Question 18

Consider which card or cards you would turn over to obtain conclusive evidence about the following rule: A CARD WITH A VOWEL ON IT WILL HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER ON THE OTHER SIDE.Note: Each card has a number on one side and a letter on the other.Circle the relevant letters/numbers.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Consider which card or cards you would...

Question 19

The search for positive evidence only is labeled the __________.

Accepted Answer

A) confirmation bias 
B) Pollyanna effect 
C) overconfidence error 
D) anti-negativity tendency 
A) confirmation bias 
B) Pollyanna effect 
C) overconfidence error 
D) anti-negativity tendency

Question 20

There are two hospitals; one averages 45 births per day,the other 15 births per day.You are asked,"In any given year,which hospital will have a higher percentage of days during which more than 60 percent of the babies born will be male?" The correct answer is __________.

Accepted Answer

A) the "45" hospital 
B) the "15" hospital 
C) that there is an equal chance of either 
D) that there is insufficient information provided (thus,we cannot answer the question) 
A) the "45" hospital 
B) the "15" hospital 
C) that there is an equal chance of either 
D) that there is insufficient information provided (thus,we cannot answer the question)

In conditional reasoning,the confirmation bias is a search error.

Consider this problem.What does it represent? Premise 1: If it is a weekend,Mark is sailing. Premise 2: Mark is sailing. Conclusion: It is a weekend.

In reasoning,the tendency to search for evidence that confirms a conclusion is __________.

Consider the following problem and then choose which of the statements below is NOT true. If each of 10 people at a meeting shakes hands (once)with every other person,how many handshakes are exchanged?

An algorithm is __________.

The strongest logical test of a scientific theory is to see if the hypothesized effects are produced in accordance with the theoretical predictions.

What is the SNARC effect?

Why might we care about naïve physics?

Kahneman & Tversky (1973)report having people read various personality descriptions and then estimate the likelihood or probability that a person was a member of one or another profession.They report __________.

For the purposes of this course,why do we care about mental models? As a product designer,how might discovering knowledge about users' mental models help me?

If a conclusion matches the first mental model derived from the problem,it is particularly easy (and thus likely)to accept the (potentially false)conclusion,leading to fallacies or errors in reasoning.

Making judgments about which is smaller-a "1" or a "2" versus a "1" or a "4"-will illustrate __________.

Judging events as more frequent or important just because they are more familiar in memory illustrates __________.

Johnson-Laird argued that __________.

Johnston-Laird reports that people's performance on the Wason card task can be greatly improved by __________.

Consider this pair of judgments about which is smaller: "Which is smaller,a sheep or a bear?" and "Which is smaller,a mouse or a rat?" The faster response to the second question illustrates __________.

In the __________,knowledge from a variety of sources is factored into a decision (e.g.,Chicago judged north of Rome based on "Northern North America" vs."Southern Europe").

Consider which card or cards you would turn over to obtain conclusive evidence about the following rule: A CARD WITH A VOWEL ON IT WILL HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER ON THE OTHER SIDE.Note: Each card has a number on one side and a letter on the other.Circle the relevant letters/numbers.

The search for positive evidence only is labeled the __________.

There are two hospitals; one averages 45 births per day,the other 15 births per day.You are asked,"In any given year,which hospital will have a higher percentage of days during which more than 60 percent of the babies born will be male?" The correct answer is __________.

Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction

Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science

Sensation and Perception

Attention

Short-Term Working Memory

Learning and Remembering

Knowing

Using Knowledge in the Real World

Language

Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

Problem Solving

Cognition and Emotion

Cognitive Development

Filters

Exam 11: Decisions, Judgments, and Reasoning

In conditional reasoning,the confirmation bias is a search error.

Consider this problem.What does it represent? Premise 1: If it is a weekend,Mark is sailing. Premise 2: Mark is sailing. Conclusion: It is a weekend.

In reasoning,the tendency to search for evidence that confirms a conclusion is __________.

Consider the following problem and then choose which of the statements below is NOT true. If each of 10 people at a meeting shakes hands (once)with every other person,how many handshakes are exchanged?

An algorithm is __________.

The strongest logical test of a scientific theory is to see if the hypothesized effects are produced in accordance with the theoretical predictions.

What is the SNARC effect?

Why might we care about naïve physics?

Kahneman & Tversky (1973)report having people read various personality descriptions and then estimate the likelihood or probability that a person was a member of one or another profession.They report __________.

For the purposes of this course,why do we care about mental models? As a product designer,how might discovering knowledge about users' mental models help me?

If a conclusion matches the first mental model derived from the problem,it is particularly easy (and thus likely)to accept the (potentially false)conclusion,leading to fallacies or errors in reasoning.

Making judgments about which is smaller-a "1" or a "2" versus a "1" or a "4"-will illustrate __________.

Judging events as more frequent or important just because they are more familiar in memory illustrates __________.

Johnson-Laird argued that __________.

Johnston-Laird reports that people's performance on the Wason card task can be greatly improved by __________.

Consider this pair of judgments about which is smaller: "Which is smaller,a sheep or a bear?" and "Which is smaller,a mouse or a rat?" The faster response to the second question illustrates __________.

In the __________,knowledge from a variety of sources is factored into a decision (e.g.,Chicago judged north of Rome based on "Northern North America" vs."Southern Europe").

Consider which card or cards you would turn over to obtain conclusive evidence about the following rule: A CARD WITH A VOWEL ON IT WILL HAVE AN EVEN NUMBER ON THE OTHER SIDE.Note: Each card has a number on one side and a letter on the other.Circle the relevant letters/numbers.

The search for positive evidence only is labeled the __________.

There are two hospitals; one averages 45 births per day,the other 15 births per day.You are asked,"In any given year,which hospital will have a higher percentage of days during which more than 60 percent of the babies born will be male?" The correct answer is __________.

Cognitive Psychology: An Introduction

Cognitive Neuroscience and Cognitive Science

Sensation and Perception

Attention

Short-Term Working Memory

Learning and Remembering

Knowing

Using Knowledge in the Real World

Language

Comprehension: Written and Spoken Language

Problem Solving

Cognition and Emotion

Cognitive Development

Filters