Exam 9: Causal-Comparative Research

Carol conducted a causal-comparative study of the effects of attendance on math achievement. She found a statistically significant relationship between math achievement and school attendance. What would be the most appropriate next step?

Of the following, which likely describes a causal-comparative study?

Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X O C O

Of the following, which is an example of a retrospective causal-comparative approach?

Which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?

Jon is interested in the benefits of community service for student self-esteem. He administers a self-esteem measure at the beginning of the school year and then assigns students to one of three types of community service activities. After the service is complete he again measures their self-esteem to see differences. When he analyzes his data, Jon will use which of the following tests to examine differences between groups?

One strength of causal-comparative studies, in comparison to experimental studies, is that causal-comparative studies can examine _____________ while experimental studies can not.

The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of central tendency is the

Causal comparative and experimental research both

Nala wants to determine if providing awards for science fair winners increases or decreases participation by average students. She thinks that by promoting science as a competition some children may decide not to participate. To address this question, Nala identifies two types of schools in her district, schools that provide awards or schools that do not. She compares the participation rate of students in her two groups. Given Nala's study, what is the dependent variable?

Given the following design, identify the most probable example of the study from the descriptions below. E X₁ O C X₂ O

Of the following, which is most likely to be an independent variable in a causal-comparative study?

In contrast to experimental research, causal-comparative studies generally

Which of the following is most likely a dependent variable in a causal-comparative study?

The most common descriptive statistic used in causal-comparative research as a measure of spread around the mean is the

Paula examined differences in college persistence between students who took the SAT either before their junior year or during their junior year of high school. She compared students with the same score and found that students had taken the SAT before their junior year of high school were more likely to stay in college than those who had taken the SAT during their junior year. Paula employed which method for controlling the extraneous variable, performance, in her study?

The following are primary statistical procedure employed to analyze data in a causal-comparative study EXCEPT

Steve studies diet and endurance during extended swim practices. Which of the following represents a causal-comparative research question he might examine?

Diana examines violence prevention programs. She is interested in the differences in number of referrals for violent behavior between two schools. One school has implemented a violence prevention program and the other has not. Diana is likely to use which of the following statistical procedures to analyze her data?

Gretchen is comparing second grade students' spelling ability across three existing groups. One group has had phonemic instruction, one group has used invented spelling, and the final group has had weekly spelling activities with high frequency words. Gretchen will likely use which of the following data analysis techniques to examine differences between these groups on a spelling test?