Exam 7: Learning and Conditioning

Training a rat to push a lever to escape from an electric shock is an example of:

When Ivan Pavlov presented meat powder,the dog salivated.The meat powder was the ________ and salivation was the ________.

Stimulus discrimination:

When Luke kissed Laura,her heart rate increases.Luke always wore Old Spice After Shave.Whenever Laura smelled Old Spice,her heart would race.Laura's increased heart rate when she smelled Old Spice was the:

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer?

By pairing the ringing of a bell with the presentation of meat,Pavlov trained dogs to salivate to the sound of a bell even when no meat was presented.In this experiment,salivation to the meat was the _______.

In classical conditioning,when a neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that naturally elicits a response,the neutral stimulus eventually elicits a similar response or becomes a/an _______ stimulus.

An example of a behavior that is learned through operant conditioning is _____________.

Thorndike was known for his work with __________.

When a stimulus similar to the CS also elicits the CR,the phenomenon is called _______.

A child is scolded for using his fingers instead of his fork to eat some spaghetti.The scolding stops when he picks up his fork.This is an example of _______ reinforcement.

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response.

Analogy: Negative reinforcement is to punishment as _______ is to _______.

The type of learning that involves a sudden coming together of the elements of a situation so that the solution to a problem is instantly clear is __________.

The 5-year-old of two very busy parents has been throwing tantrums.Whenever the child goes off the deep end,one or both of his parents immediately come to his side and fuss over and cajole him.Nevertheless,his tantrums do not diminish; they even seem to increase.We may assume that his parents' fussing over him serves as a _______.

Thorndike's main apparatus in his operant conditioning research was:

The concept of latent learning was developed by __________ .

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the CONDITIONED response is the ________.

Of the following phenomena,which one best explains the spreading of phobias to objects similar to the one to which the phobia was originally acquired?

A young girl is just learning to dress herself.At first,the parents call her a "big girl" just for putting on her clothes "frontwards," even if they are not buttoned.Then,they call her a "big girl" if she tries to button them--even if the buttons are not in the right holes.Then,they call her a "big girl" only if she buttons them correctly.They have been using: