Chat with AIExam 6: C: Learning
Suppose your friend owns a camera that makes a beeping noise one second before the flash goes off.After taking your photo many times,your friend starts to complain that you are always blinking in her photos.Explain what is likely happening using the following terminology: conditioned stimulus (CS),unconditioned stimulus (US),conditioned response (CR),and unconditioned response (UR).
(35) 
VerifiedAt first the beep is a neutral stimulus that precedes the flash,which is an US that causes the UR of blinking.After a few trials you learn that the beep predicts the flash and the neutral beep becomes a CS causing the CR of blinking.When this happens you begin to blink as soon as you hear the beep (CS),causing your eyes to be closed (CR)when the flash goes off and the picture is taken.To summarize,the flash is the US that causes the UR of blinking.The beep becomes the CS that causes the CR of blinking.
How is it possible to tell the difference between examples of classical and operant conditioning? Describe the key differences between the two types of learning.
(39) VerifiedA good answer will include the following key points.
- Classical conditioning is a form of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus elicits a response that was originally caused by another stimulus.It has the following properties:
- A response is not required for a reward (or unconditioned stimulus)to be presented.
- The target response is automatic.
- Behaviour tends to depend mostly on the autonomic nervous system or other reflexive systems.
- Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by consequence.It has the following properties:
- Reinforcement (or punishment)is only presented if a specific response is made.
- The target response is voluntary.
- Behaviour tends to depend mostly on skeletal muscles
Principles of operant conditioning have been used to help explain why people get attached to "lucky" hats,charms,and rituals.Using these principles,explain how an athlete might show this type of behaviour.How did Skinner demonstrate the phenomenon of superstitious behaviour with pigeons in his laboratory?
(37) VerifiedAthletes experience variable reinforcement when they pitch well,or catch a fly ball.In cases where they are successful they will be looking for a reason why they were successful that time (but not other times)and will look at things they did differently in the scenario where they found success.So an article of clothing or particular action that preceded the successful,reinforcing,event may be mistakenly thought to have been somehow linked to the reinforcing event.If an athlete chooses a superstition and is successful,this just reinforces the superstition further and causes more attachment to the item or behaviour.Skinner demonstrated superstitious behaviour with pigeons by reinforcing the pigeons every 15 seconds no matter what action they were doing.He noted that the pigeons tended to repeat the behaviour they were doing right before they were last reinforced even though it was unrelated to reinforcement.
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