Question 1

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) giving children candy for completing their homework 
B) removing a child's chores when he or she completes homework 
C) ending class 10 minutes early if students work hard during class 
D) taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules 
A) giving children candy for completing their homework 
B) removing a child's chores when he or she completes homework 
C) ending class 10 minutes early if students work hard during class 
D) taking away privileges if a child does not follow classroom rules A

Question 2

How can learning theory help to explain why diet drinks are ineffective in helping people lose weight?

Accepted Answer

A) Sugar acts as a positive reinforcer,but artificial sweeteners act as a negative reinforcer. 
B) Stimulus discrimination allows the body to tell the difference between real sugar and artificial sweeteners. 
C) Extinction occurs when artificial sweeteners are introduced,but spontaneous recovery leads to a return of overeating. 
D) People normally learn that sweet tastes (CS)predict calories (US),but artificial sweeteners weaken this association. 
A) Sugar acts as a positive reinforcer,but artificial sweeteners act as a negative reinforcer. 
B) Stimulus discrimination allows the body to tell the difference between real sugar and artificial sweeteners. 
C) Extinction occurs when artificial sweeteners are introduced,but spontaneous recovery leads to a return of overeating. 
D) People normally learn that sweet tastes (CS)predict calories (US),but artificial sweeteners weaken this association. D

Question 3

Which form of classical conditioning is most likely to occur with only a single CS-US pairing?

Accepted Answer

A) salivary conditioning 
B) conditioned eye blink responding 
C) conditioned taste aversion 
D) fear conditioning 
A) salivary conditioning 
B) conditioned eye blink responding 
C) conditioned taste aversion 
D) fear conditioning C

Question 4

Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to salivate to food,salivation to food is a(n)______________.

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned response 
B) conditioned reflex 
C) unconditioned response 
D) neutral response 
A) conditioned response 
B) conditioned reflex 
C) unconditioned response 
D) neutral response

Question 5

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist for long periods of time. 
B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through partial reinforcement. 
C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous reinforcement. 
D) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviours that persist for equally long periods of time. 
A) Neither partial nor continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist for long periods of time. 
B) Continuous reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through partial reinforcement. 
C) Partial reinforcement leads to behaviours that will persist longer than behaviour learned through continuous reinforcement. 
D) Continuous reinforcement and partial reinforcement lead to behaviours that persist for equally long periods of time.

Question 6

Who was Albert B.(also known as "Little Albert")?

Accepted Answer

A) developer of the concept of classical conditioning 
B) an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures 
C) a creator of methods for teaching children 
D) a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning 
A) developer of the concept of classical conditioning 
B) an animal trained by using operant conditioning procedures 
C) a creator of methods for teaching children 
D) a child who developed a fear as part of a demonstration of classical conditioning

Question 7

In general,research on the use of corporal punishments,such as spanking,suggests that

Accepted Answer

A) despite the common belief,corporal punishment is the preferred method of behaviour modification. 
B) corporal punishment is ineffective in stopping behaviours. 
C) severe instances of corporal punishment should be avoided because of its negative side effects. 
D) corporal punishment works best when it is administered randomly. 
A) despite the common belief,corporal punishment is the preferred method of behaviour modification. 
B) corporal punishment is ineffective in stopping behaviours. 
C) severe instances of corporal punishment should be avoided because of its negative side effects. 
D) corporal punishment works best when it is administered randomly.

Question 8

A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behaviour,and a punisher is a consequence that ____________ the likelihood of a behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A) increases;increases 
B) decreases;decreases 
C) decreases;increases 
D) increases;decreases 
A) increases;increases 
B) decreases;decreases 
C) decreases;increases 
D) increases;decreases

Question 9

An experimenter finds that a certain male subject always has an increased heartbeat when he sees a picture of a nude female.The experimenter sounds a buzzer and then presents such a picture.The experimenter repeats this procedure until the man responds with an increased heartbeat to the sound of the buzzer alone.In this situation the unconditioned response (UR)is the _______________.

Accepted Answer

A) increased heartbeat 
B) female's picture 
C) sounds of the buzzer 
D) viewing of the picture 
A) increased heartbeat 
B) female's picture 
C) sounds of the buzzer 
D) viewing of the picture

Question 10

The results of Watson and Rayner's famous experiment with Albert B.(or "Little Albert")provide a possible explanation for the development of _____________.

Accepted Answer

A) depression 
B) schizophrenia 
C) phobias 
D) psychopathy 
A) depression 
B) schizophrenia 
C) phobias 
D) psychopathy

Question 11

Learned behaviour is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) partial 
B) negative 
C) delayed 
D) continuous 
A) partial 
B) negative 
C) delayed 
D) continuous

Question 12

The conditioned stimulus is defined as

Accepted Answer

A) the stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. 
B) the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. 
C) the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response. 
D) the stimulus that remains neutral throughout classical conditioning. 
A) the stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. 
B) the previously neutral stimulus that automatically produces the unconditioned response. 
C) the previously neutral stimulus that has acquired the capacity to produce the conditioned response. 
D) the stimulus that remains neutral throughout classical conditioning.

Question 13

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.

Accepted Answer

A) reinforcement 
B) associations 
C) cognitive processes 
D) punishment 
A) reinforcement 
B) associations 
C) cognitive processes 
D) punishment

Question 14

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Accepted Answer

A) tank 
B) fish swimming to the top 
C) fish food 
D) aquarium light 
A) tank 
B) fish swimming to the top 
C) fish food 
D) aquarium light

Question 15

Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behaviour reoccurring?

Accepted Answer

A) negative punishment 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive reinforcement 
D) fixed-ratio reinforcement 
A) negative punishment 
B) negative reinforcement 
C) positive reinforcement 
D) fixed-ratio reinforcement

Question 16

Which of the following terms refers to the fact that animals and human beings may be evolutionarily predisposed to learn to fear certain stimuli that threaten their survival?

Accepted Answer

A) instinctive drift 
B) construct survival 
C) emotional aversions 
D) preparedness 
A) instinctive drift 
B) construct survival 
C) emotional aversions 
D) preparedness

Question 17

Every week,Jade spends her allowance on sour lemon gummy candies even though they always make her mouth water.One day,as she is walking down the street,Jade sees a girl carrying a little white bag that looks like a candy shop bag! Jade notices that her mouth is puckering and overflowing with saliva.In this example,the unconditioned stimulus is the

Accepted Answer

A) little white bag 
B) allowance money 
C) puckering and saliva 
D) sour lemon gummy candy 
A) little white bag 
B) allowance money 
C) puckering and saliva 
D) sour lemon gummy candy

Question 18

Albert B.(or "Little Albert")was initially not afraid of rats,but when a white rat and a loud noise were presented together,Albert learned to fear them.In this famous example,the rat was the __________.

Accepted Answer

A) CS 
B) US 
C) CR 
D) UR 
A) CS 
B) US 
C) CR 
D) UR

Question 19

The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently.Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting in two quarters,but sometimes she only gets a soda after putting in five or six quarters.In operant conditioning terms,Cathy is being reinforced on a ________________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio 
B) fixed-interval 
C) variable-ratio 
D) variable-interval 
A) fixed-ratio 
B) fixed-interval 
C) variable-ratio 
D) variable-interval

Question 20

The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as _________________.

Accepted Answer

A) generalization 
B) acquisition 
C) spontaneous recovery 
D) extinction 
A) generalization 
B) acquisition 
C) spontaneous recovery 
D) extinction

Exam 6: B: Learning

Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?

How can learning theory help to explain why diet drinks are ineffective in helping people lose weight?

Which form of classical conditioning is most likely to occur with only a single CS-US pairing?

Because dogs do not need to be conditioned to salivate to food,salivation to food is a(n)______________.

Which of the following statements is true about operant conditioning?

Who was Albert B.(also known as "Little Albert")?

In general,research on the use of corporal punishments,such as spanking,suggests that

A reinforcer is a consequence that ______________ the likelihood of a behaviour,and a punisher is a consequence that ____________ the likelihood of a behaviour.

The results of Watson and Rayner's famous experiment with Albert B.(or "Little Albert")provide a possible explanation for the development of _____________.

Learned behaviour is less prone to extinction if it is conditioned by ____________ reinforcement.

The conditioned stimulus is defined as

Studies of latent learning emphasize the importance of ______________ on learning.

Alan always turns the aquarium light on before putting fish food into the tank.After a while he notices that the fish swim to the top to look for the food as soon as he turns on the light.In this example,the __________ is the unconditioned stimulus (US).

Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of behaviour reoccurring?

Which of the following terms refers to the fact that animals and human beings may be evolutionarily predisposed to learn to fear certain stimuli that threaten their survival?

Albert B.(or "Little Albert")was initially not afraid of rats,but when a white rat and a loud noise were presented together,Albert learned to fear them.In this famous example,the rat was the __________.

The broken vending machine in Cathy's office dispenses sodas inconsistently.Sometimes Cathy gets a soda after putting in two quarters,but sometimes she only gets a soda after putting in five or six quarters.In operant conditioning terms,Cathy is being reinforced on a ________________ schedule.

The initial phase of learning in which a response is first established is known as _________________.

A: Introducing Psychological Science

B: Introducing Psychological Science

C: Introducing Psychological Science

D: Introducing Psychological Science

E: Introducing Psychological Science

A: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

B: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

C: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

D: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

E: Reading and Evaluating Scientific Research

A: Biological Psychology

B: Biological Psychology

C: Biological Psychology

D: Biological Psychology

E: Biological Psychology

A: Sensation and Perception

B: Sensation and Perception

C: Sensation and Perception

D: Sensation and Perception

E: Sensation and Perception

A: Consciousness

B: Consciousness

C: Consciousness

D: Consciousness

E: Consciousness

A: Learning

C: Learning

D: Learning

E: Learning

A: Memory

B: Memory

C: Memory

D: Memory

E: Memory

A: Thought and Language

B: Thought and Language

C: Thought and Language

D: Thought and Language

E: Thought and Language

A: Intelligence Testing

B: Intelligence Testing

C: Intelligence Testing

D: Intelligence Testing

E: Intelligence Testing

A: Lifespan Development

B: Lifespan Development

C: Lifespan Development

D: Lifespan Development

E: Lifespan Development

A: Motivation and Emotion

B: Motivation and Emotion

C: Motivation and Emotion

D: Motivation and Emotion

Emotivation and Emotion

A: Personality

B: Personality

C: Personality

D: Personality

E: Personality

A: Social Psychology

B: Social Psychology

A reinforcer is a consequence that __ the likelihood of a behaviour,and a punisher is a consequence that the likelihood of a behaviour.