Question 1

According to the discussion of the parallel distributed processing approach to memory,the term default assignment means that

Accepted Answer

A) we can figure out missing information about someone or something,based on information about similar people or things. 
B) the item in the neural network that receives the greatest amount of stimulation receives the default assignment. 
C) when our information about something is defective or faulty,we seldom experience an activated network. 
D) we can use attributes (such as an object's shape)to locate material in memory. 
A) we can figure out missing information about someone or something,based on information about similar people or things. 
B) the item in the neural network that receives the greatest amount of stimulation receives the default assignment. 
C) when our information about something is defective or faulty,we seldom experience an activated network. 
D) we can use attributes (such as an object's shape)to locate material in memory. A

Question 2

According to the parallel distributed processing model of semantic memory,how does spontaneous generalization differ from default assignment?

Accepted Answer

A) In spontaneous generalization,we make a more conscious effort to draw inferences. 
B) In spontaneous generalization,we can only account for conditioning (e.g.,classical conditioning),whereas default assignment is a more sophisticated process. 
C) Spontaneous generalization takes place in long-term memory; default assignment takes place in working memory. 
D) In spontaneous generalization,we draw a conclusion about an entire category; in default assignment,we draw a conclusion about one member of a category. 
A) In spontaneous generalization,we make a more conscious effort to draw inferences. 
B) In spontaneous generalization,we can only account for conditioning (e.g.,classical conditioning),whereas default assignment is a more sophisticated process. 
C) Spontaneous generalization takes place in long-term memory; default assignment takes place in working memory. 
D) In spontaneous generalization,we draw a conclusion about an entire category; in default assignment,we draw a conclusion about one member of a category. D

Question 3

According to the prototype approach to semantic memory,

Accepted Answer

A) every item that meets the specified requirements of a category belongs to that category. 
B) a prototype is an example of the category that is neither the best example,nor the worst example. 
C) we judge whether an item is similar to the prototype in order to decide whether it belongs to a category. 
D) nonprototypes are items that do not belong to any category. 
A) every item that meets the specified requirements of a category belongs to that category. 
B) a prototype is an example of the category that is neither the best example,nor the worst example. 
C) we judge whether an item is similar to the prototype in order to decide whether it belongs to a category. 
D) nonprototypes are items that do not belong to any category. C

Question 4

Which of the following students provides the most accurate description of the way that boundary extension might operate in eyewitness testimony?

Accepted Answer

A) Daniel: "Each time the eyewitness retells the story,the boundary becomes increasingly well defined." 
B) Nora: "In reality monitoring,eyewitnesses have difficulty establishing the boundary between events that actually happened and events that they simply imagined." 
C) Dora María: "A lawyer can carefully manipulate the questions,so that eyewitnesses remember the inferences,rather than events that actually happened." 
D) Augusto: "Eyewitnesses may believe that they saw a person's entire face,when part of the face was actually blocked from view." 
A) Daniel: "Each time the eyewitness retells the story,the boundary becomes increasingly well defined." 
B) Nora: "In reality monitoring,eyewitnesses have difficulty establishing the boundary between events that actually happened and events that they simply imagined." 
C) Dora María: "A lawyer can carefully manipulate the questions,so that eyewitnesses remember the inferences,rather than events that actually happened." 
D) Augusto: "Eyewitnesses may believe that they saw a person's entire face,when part of the face was actually blocked from view."

Question 5

Which of the following students provides the best description of semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Wei-Hang: "Semantic memory allows us to link each concept with an example from episodic memory." 
B) Andy: "Semantic memory refers to our organized knowledge about the world." 
C) Alexia: "Semantic memory forces us to notice-and exaggerate-the precise details that make one concept different from another." 
D) Yelena: "Semantic memory forces us to take each schema that is stored and convert it into a script-like form." 
A) Wei-Hang: "Semantic memory allows us to link each concept with an example from episodic memory." 
B) Andy: "Semantic memory refers to our organized knowledge about the world." 
C) Alexia: "Semantic memory forces us to notice-and exaggerate-the precise details that make one concept different from another." 
D) Yelena: "Semantic memory forces us to take each schema that is stored and convert it into a script-like form."

Question 6

Which of the following provides the best example of semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Knowing what you ate for breakfast today 
B) Knowing the definition of the word "concept" 
C) Knowing where you went for dinner on your last birthday 
D) Knowing how old you were when you first visited Disney World 
A) Knowing what you ate for breakfast today 
B) Knowing the definition of the word "concept" 
C) Knowing where you went for dinner on your last birthday 
D) Knowing how old you were when you first visited Disney World

Question 7

When we compare network models with the prototype approach,we find that network models

Accepted Answer

A) place more emphasis on a graded structure. 
B) are better in describing how prototypical items are processed. 
C) make better use of the sentence verification technique. 
D) are more likely to emphasize how different members of a category are related to one another. 
A) place more emphasis on a graded structure. 
B) are better in describing how prototypical items are processed. 
C) make better use of the sentence verification technique. 
D) are more likely to emphasize how different members of a category are related to one another.

Question 8

The well-organized knowledge that you have about the world is called

Accepted Answer

A) declarative memory. 
B) implicit memory. 
C) explicit memory. 
D) semantic memory. 
A) declarative memory. 
B) implicit memory. 
C) explicit memory. 
D) semantic memory.

Question 9

Suppose you meet someone,and you can recall both her face and her name,but you cannot recall exactly where you first met her.In terms of parallel distributed processing,this phenomenon would be called

Accepted Answer

A) graceful degradation. 
B) reassignment of connection weights. 
C) spontaneous generalization. 
D) a default assignment. 
A) graceful degradation. 
B) reassignment of connection weights. 
C) spontaneous generalization. 
D) a default assignment.

Question 10

In explaining semantic memory,the parallel distributed processing approach

Accepted Answer

A) argues that we consider an item's attributes one at a time. 
B) points out that we can often identify an object,even if one of the clues to that object's identification is incorrect. 
C) proposes that human memory is more rigid than previous theories have suggested. 
D) emphasizes that the mind works in a linear fashion,moving from a stimulus to a response. 
A) argues that we consider an item's attributes one at a time. 
B) points out that we can often identify an object,even if one of the clues to that object's identification is incorrect. 
C) proposes that human memory is more rigid than previous theories have suggested. 
D) emphasizes that the mind works in a linear fashion,moving from a stimulus to a response.

Question 11

Suppose you are thinking about a male student whom you met during your first year of college.You can recall that he knew your high school English teacher,that he didn't like his roommate,that he was average height and weight,and he wore glasses-but you cannot remember his name.This situation is an example of

Accepted Answer

A) graceful degradation. 
B) spontaneous generalization. 
C) serial processing. 
D) default assignment. 
A) graceful degradation. 
B) spontaneous generalization. 
C) serial processing. 
D) default assignment.

Question 12

What can we conclude about the role of schemas in memory?

Accepted Answer

A) In general,schemas seldom operate in memory during adulthood. 
B) Schemas often operate; however,we sometimes remember material that is not consistent with a schema. 
C) When people have normally functioning memory processes,schemas consistently operate in memory. 
D) Schemas operate consistently in our everyday experiences,though we find little evidence for them in the laboratory. 
A) In general,schemas seldom operate in memory during adulthood. 
B) Schemas often operate; however,we sometimes remember material that is not consistent with a schema. 
C) When people have normally functioning memory processes,schemas consistently operate in memory. 
D) Schemas operate consistently in our everyday experiences,though we find little evidence for them in the laboratory.

Question 13

Which of the following statements presents the most accurate view of how schemas operate in memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Schemas can only operate in the initial selection of material to encode; they do not affect the integration process. 
B) Schemas are so powerful that we never remember information that is inconsistent with our schemas. 
C) Schemas are particularly influential in the remembering of visual scenes. 
D) We store all memories in abstract fashion,losing the details of the exact words of the original presentation. 
A) Schemas can only operate in the initial selection of material to encode; they do not affect the integration process. 
B) Schemas are so powerful that we never remember information that is inconsistent with our schemas. 
C) Schemas are particularly influential in the remembering of visual scenes. 
D) We store all memories in abstract fashion,losing the details of the exact words of the original presentation.

Question 14

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the prototype approach to semantic memory?

Accepted Answer

A) Elisabeth: "People store an abstract representation of each basic-level category." 
B) Lester: "The prototype approach applies only to inanimate objects." 
C) Horatio: "The data on the semantic-priming effect are not consistent with the prototype approach." 
D) Joni: "Superordinate terms tend to activate different regions of the cortex from the regions activated by basic-level terms." 
A) Elisabeth: "People store an abstract representation of each basic-level category." 
B) Lester: "The prototype approach applies only to inanimate objects." 
C) Horatio: "The data on the semantic-priming effect are not consistent with the prototype approach." 
D) Joni: "Superordinate terms tend to activate different regions of the cortex from the regions activated by basic-level terms."

Question 15

Suppose that you attend a lecture in which a psychologist says,"Memory is created by gathering together and integrating information from a variety of sources.After a memory has been formed,we cannot accurately recall the source of each memory component." This speaker would be most likely to endorse the ______________ view of memory.

Accepted Answer

A) constructive 
B) boundary-extension 
C) exemplar 
D) pragmatic 
A) constructive 
B) boundary-extension 
C) exemplar 
D) pragmatic

Question 16

You walk into a movie theater lobby and are surprised to see a rack of clothing on sale in a corner.Your surprise is due to your _____ about movie theater lobbies.

Accepted Answer

A) exemplars 
B) parallel processes 
C) schema 
D) tip-of-the-tongue effect 
A) exemplars 
B) parallel processes 
C) schema 
D) tip-of-the-tongue effect

Question 17

Think about the various approaches to general knowledge,as discussed in Chapter 8.Which of these approaches is most closely related to the concept of boundary extension?

Accepted Answer

A) The prototype approach 
B) The exemplar approach 
C) The parallel distributed processing (PDP)approach 
D) The schema approach 
A) The prototype approach 
B) The exemplar approach 
C) The parallel distributed processing (PDP)approach 
D) The schema approach

Question 18

According to the discussion in Chapter 8,John Anderson's ACT-R theory

Accepted Answer

A) focuses on discovering how experts and novices categorize new objects. 
B) explains how working memory processes semantic information; however,ACT-R theory is not currently concerned with the way this information is stored in long-term memory. 
C) proposes that each concept in semantic memory can be described in terms of a list of characteristics that its members must possess. 
D) attempts to explain processes such as language,reasoning and decision making-in addition to semantic memory. 
A) focuses on discovering how experts and novices categorize new objects. 
B) explains how working memory processes semantic information; however,ACT-R theory is not currently concerned with the way this information is stored in long-term memory. 
C) proposes that each concept in semantic memory can be described in terms of a list of characteristics that its members must possess. 
D) attempts to explain processes such as language,reasoning and decision making-in addition to semantic memory.

Question 19

People are especially likely to remember schema-inconsistent material when

Accepted Answer

A) this material is ordinary and routine. 
B) this material flows naturally from the earlier material 
C) this material is not relevant for people's lives. 
D) this material is surprising. 
A) this material is ordinary and routine. 
B) this material flows naturally from the earlier material 
C) this material is not relevant for people's lives. 
D) this material is surprising.

Question 20

The category "furniture" is a

Accepted Answer

A) prototype. 
B) superordinate-level category. 
C) basic-level category. 
D) subordinate-level category. 
A) prototype. 
B) superordinate-level category. 
C) basic-level category. 
D) subordinate-level category.

According to the discussion of the parallel distributed processing approach to memory,the term default assignment means that

According to the parallel distributed processing model of semantic memory,how does spontaneous generalization differ from default assignment?

According to the prototype approach to semantic memory,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate description of the way that boundary extension might operate in eyewitness testimony?

Which of the following students provides the best description of semantic memory?

Which of the following provides the best example of semantic memory?

When we compare network models with the prototype approach,we find that network models

The well-organized knowledge that you have about the world is called

Suppose you meet someone,and you can recall both her face and her name,but you cannot recall exactly where you first met her.In terms of parallel distributed processing,this phenomenon would be called

In explaining semantic memory,the parallel distributed processing approach

What can we conclude about the role of schemas in memory?

Which of the following statements presents the most accurate view of how schemas operate in memory?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the prototype approach to semantic memory?

You walk into a movie theater lobby and are surprised to see a rack of clothing on sale in a corner.Your surprise is due to your _____ about movie theater lobbies.

Think about the various approaches to general knowledge,as discussed in Chapter 8.Which of these approaches is most closely related to the concept of boundary extension?

According to the discussion in Chapter 8,John Anderson's ACT-R theory

People are especially likely to remember schema-inconsistent material when

The category "furniture" is a

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 8: General Knowledge

According to the discussion of the parallel distributed processing approach to memory,the term default assignment means that

According to the parallel distributed processing model of semantic memory,how does spontaneous generalization differ from default assignment?

According to the prototype approach to semantic memory,

Which of the following students provides the most accurate description of the way that boundary extension might operate in eyewitness testimony?

Which of the following students provides the best description of semantic memory?

Which of the following provides the best example of semantic memory?

When we compare network models with the prototype approach,we find that network models

The well-organized knowledge that you have about the world is called

Suppose you meet someone,and you can recall both her face and her name,but you cannot recall exactly where you first met her.In terms of parallel distributed processing,this phenomenon would be called

In explaining semantic memory,the parallel distributed processing approach

What can we conclude about the role of schemas in memory?

Which of the following statements presents the most accurate view of how schemas operate in memory?

Which of the following students provides the most accurate information about the prototype approach to semantic memory?

You walk into a movie theater lobby and are surprised to see a rack of clothing on sale in a corner.Your surprise is due to your _____ about movie theater lobbies.

Think about the various approaches to general knowledge,as discussed in Chapter 8.Which of these approaches is most closely related to the concept of boundary extension?

According to the discussion in Chapter 8,John Anderson's ACT-R theory

People are especially likely to remember schema-inconsistent material when

The category "furniture" is a

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters