Question 1

Right now,the words in this sentence are being registered on the retina of your eye.This representation on your retina is called

Accepted Answer

A) sensory memory. 
B) the template. 
C) the proximal stimulus. 
D) the distal stimulus. 
A) sensory memory. 
B) the template. 
C) the proximal stimulus. 
D) the distal stimulus. C

Question 2

Suppose that you are listening to a lecture,and another student's chair squeaks loudly during the middle of a word,so that the middle of that word cannot be heard.Nonetheless,you do not detect any interruption in the word.This example is closest to which of the following cognitive phenomena?

Accepted Answer

A) Phonemic restoration 
B) Coarticulation 
C) Bottom-up processing 
D) The recognition-by-components approach 
A) Phonemic restoration 
B) Coarticulation 
C) Bottom-up processing 
D) The recognition-by-components approach A

Question 3

Suppose that you are watching a movie.Two men are talking,and the camera focuses on a man in a blue shirt,with long sideburns.The focus shifts to the other man.Then it returns to the man in the blue shirt-but now his sideburns are about an inch shorter.If you fail to notice that he looks different,you are exhibiting

Accepted Answer

A) bottom-up processing. 
B) change blindness. 
C) the principle that face recognition is "special." 
D) the recognition-by-components approach. 
A) bottom-up processing. 
B) change blindness. 
C) the principle that face recognition is "special." 
D) the recognition-by-components approach. B

Question 4

The term "phoneme" refers to

Accepted Answer

A) the written representation of a basic speech sound. 
B) the basic unit of spoken language. 
C) the meaning of a word,within the context of a sentence. 
D) the grammatical aspects of a word. 
A) the written representation of a basic speech sound. 
B) the basic unit of spoken language. 
C) the meaning of a word,within the context of a sentence. 
D) the grammatical aspects of a word.

Question 5

According to the word superiority effect,

Accepted Answer

A) we have trouble noticing when one of the letters in a word disappears from the stimulus. 
B) we can recognize a letter faster and more accurately when it is part of a word,rather than when this letter appears by itself. 
C) we can recognize an unfamiliar word more quickly than an isolated letter of the alphabet. 
D) bottom-up processing is more helpful than top-down processing. 
A) we have trouble noticing when one of the letters in a word disappears from the stimulus. 
B) we can recognize a letter faster and more accurately when it is part of a word,rather than when this letter appears by itself. 
C) we can recognize an unfamiliar word more quickly than an isolated letter of the alphabet. 
D) bottom-up processing is more helpful than top-down processing.

Question 6

The discussion about face recognition points out that we perceive a face in terms of a "gestalt." You can therefore conclude that

Accepted Answer

A) we perceive faces in terms of their overall structure. 
B) each element of someone's face (eyes,nose,etc.)is unique to that particular face. 
C) we use top-down processing when we perceive a face,moving from the eyes,to the nose,etc. 
D) we process faces the same as we process other visual stimuli. 
A) we perceive faces in terms of their overall structure. 
B) each element of someone's face (eyes,nose,etc.)is unique to that particular face. 
C) we use top-down processing when we perceive a face,moving from the eyes,to the nose,etc. 
D) we process faces the same as we process other visual stimuli.

Question 7

Change blindness and inattentional blindness are similar because both of these phenomena

Accepted Answer

A) demonstrate the importance of top-down processing. 
B) emphasize the importance of bottom-up processing. 
C) illustrate categorical perception. 
D) provide support for the recognition-by-components approach to perception. 
A) demonstrate the importance of top-down processing. 
B) emphasize the importance of bottom-up processing. 
C) illustrate categorical perception. 
D) provide support for the recognition-by-components approach to perception.

Question 8

According to the discussion of object recognition,

Accepted Answer

A) the bottom-up approach emphasizes the importance of previous information in processing new stimuli. 
B) top-down processing emphasizes that it is most efficient to begin at the top of a object that you are trying to recognize. 
C) top-down processing does not play a major role in object recognition. 
D) object recognition must involve both top-down and bottom-up processes. 
A) the bottom-up approach emphasizes the importance of previous information in processing new stimuli. 
B) top-down processing emphasizes that it is most efficient to begin at the top of a object that you are trying to recognize. 
C) top-down processing does not play a major role in object recognition. 
D) object recognition must involve both top-down and bottom-up processes.

Question 9

Chapter 2 discussed two related topics,called change blindness and inattentional blindness.According to this discussion,

Accepted Answer

A) we need to monitor our environment more carefully,so that our perception is more accurate. 
B) in reality,these cognitive errors can be traced to strategy that makes sense in the real world. 
C) both of these topics reflect a basic deficit in object recognition. 
D) both of these topics can be traced to overactive bottom-up processing. 
A) we need to monitor our environment more carefully,so that our perception is more accurate. 
B) in reality,these cognitive errors can be traced to strategy that makes sense in the real world. 
C) both of these topics reflect a basic deficit in object recognition. 
D) both of these topics can be traced to overactive bottom-up processing.

Question 10

According to the introductory discussion about perceptual processes,

Accepted Answer

A) humans have relatively primitive perceptual processes,compared to models created by artificial intelligence. 
B) although perception appears to be straightforward,it actually requires more cognitive effort than tasks such as problem solving. 
C) unlike other cognitive tasks,perception requires only bottom-up processing. 
D) perception requires both information from the stimulus and knowledge about previous perceptual experiences. 
A) humans have relatively primitive perceptual processes,compared to models created by artificial intelligence. 
B) although perception appears to be straightforward,it actually requires more cognitive effort than tasks such as problem solving. 
C) unlike other cognitive tasks,perception requires only bottom-up processing. 
D) perception requires both information from the stimulus and knowledge about previous perceptual experiences.

Question 11

Neuroscience research has been conducted on the response of individual neurons to lines that have different orientations.The results of this research are most compatible with the _______________ approach to object recognition.

Accepted Answer

A) feature-analysis 
B) template 
C) parallel distributed processing 
D) recognition-by-components 
A) feature-analysis 
B) template 
C) parallel distributed processing 
D) recognition-by-components

Question 12

Chapter 2 discusses a study by Burton and his colleagues on people's ability to identify a face that is shown in a video security system.According to the results of this study,

Accepted Answer

A) people are especially likely to be confident that they correctly identified a person's face if they are familiar with this person. 
B) people are surprisingly accurate in identifying the faces of both familiar and unfamiliar persons. 
C) people are surprisingly inaccurate in identifying the faces of both familiar and unfamiliar persons. 
D) compared to other people,police officers are more accurate on this face-recognition task. 
A) people are especially likely to be confident that they correctly identified a person's face if they are familiar with this person. 
B) people are surprisingly accurate in identifying the faces of both familiar and unfamiliar persons. 
C) people are surprisingly inaccurate in identifying the faces of both familiar and unfamiliar persons. 
D) compared to other people,police officers are more accurate on this face-recognition task.

Question 13

The boundaries between words in spoken language

Accepted Answer

A) are just as distinctive as the boundaries between words in written language. 
B) are more distinctive in English than in other languages. 
C) are often missing,so that two words are not separated by an actual pause. 
D) are difficult for children to perceive,though adults rarely make perceptual errors. 
A) are just as distinctive as the boundaries between words in written language. 
B) are more distinctive in English than in other languages. 
C) are often missing,so that two words are not separated by an actual pause. 
D) are difficult for children to perceive,though adults rarely make perceptual errors.

Question 14

Suppose that you look at a television screen for less than a second and then close your eyes.The image that is briefly preserved after the stimulus has disappeared is held in

Accepted Answer

A) iconic memory. 
B) echoic memory. 
C) short-term memory. 
D) long-term memory. 
A) iconic memory. 
B) echoic memory. 
C) short-term memory. 
D) long-term memory.

Question 15

You can identify a letter more accurately when it appears in a word than when it does not.This phenomenon is called the

Accepted Answer

A) letter superiority effect. 
B) bottom-up effect. 
C) word superiority effect. 
D) change-blindness effect. 
A) letter superiority effect. 
B) bottom-up effect. 
C) word superiority effect. 
D) change-blindness effect.

Question 16

Suppose that you walk past the home of your friend,John.Standing in front of the house is someone who somewhat resembles your friend,so you shout,"Hi,John!" To your embarrassment,it is not John but his younger brother-substantially shorter and with darker hair.This error can be traced to

Accepted Answer

A) serial processing. 
B) parallel processing. 
C) bottom-up processing. 
D) top-down processing. 
A) serial processing. 
B) parallel processing. 
C) bottom-up processing. 
D) top-down processing.

Question 17

Bottom-up processing

Accepted Answer

A) focuses on the contribution of the stimulus to object recognition. 
B) emphasizes that we can pay attention to several objects simultaneously. 
C) emphasizes that our higher mental processes facilitate object recognition. 
D) occurs only after top-down processing has been completed. 
A) focuses on the contribution of the stimulus to object recognition. 
B) emphasizes that we can pay attention to several objects simultaneously. 
C) emphasizes that our higher mental processes facilitate object recognition. 
D) occurs only after top-down processing has been completed.

Question 18

The face-inversion effect indicates that

Accepted Answer

A) upright and inverted faces are processed by different lobes of the brain. 
B) people can process inverted faces just as quickly as upright faces. 
C) faces are processed holistically rather than through their isolated parts. 
D) faces are processed in an almost entirely bottom-up fashion. 
A) upright and inverted faces are processed by different lobes of the brain. 
B) people can process inverted faces just as quickly as upright faces. 
C) faces are processed holistically rather than through their isolated parts. 
D) faces are processed in an almost entirely bottom-up fashion.

Question 19

Which of the following examples would be most comparable to the word superiority effect if we were to apply this phenomenon to hearing?

Accepted Answer

A) You can identify a particular phoneme more readily if it is embedded in a word than if you hear that same phoneme in isolation. 
B) If you are right-handed,you can identify a spoken word more readily if it is spoken in your right ear,rather than your left ear. 
C) You can hear a spoken word more accurately when you see the written pattern at the same time,but this does not apply to smaller segments,such as individual letters. 
D) You can recognize and remember short words more readily than long words in a conversation. 
A) You can identify a particular phoneme more readily if it is embedded in a word than if you hear that same phoneme in isolation. 
B) If you are right-handed,you can identify a spoken word more readily if it is spoken in your right ear,rather than your left ear. 
C) You can hear a spoken word more accurately when you see the written pattern at the same time,but this does not apply to smaller segments,such as individual letters. 
D) You can recognize and remember short words more readily than long words in a conversation.

Question 20

Imagine that you attend a lecture given by a guest lecturer.He emphasizes that people can recognize complex shapes and other visual images-such as animals and machinery-in terms of arrangements of basic 3-D shapes.This lecturer probably would be a strong supporter of which of the following approaches?

Accepted Answer

A) Top-down processing 
B) Template-matching theory 
C) Feature-analysis theory 
D) Recognition-by-components theory 
A) Top-down processing 
B) Template-matching theory 
C) Feature-analysis theory 
D) Recognition-by-components theory

Right now,the words in this sentence are being registered on the retina of your eye.This representation on your retina is called

Suppose that you are listening to a lecture,and another student's chair squeaks loudly during the middle of a word,so that the middle of that word cannot be heard.Nonetheless,you do not detect any interruption in the word.This example is closest to which of the following cognitive phenomena?

The term "phoneme" refers to

According to the word superiority effect,

The discussion about face recognition points out that we perceive a face in terms of a "gestalt." You can therefore conclude that

Change blindness and inattentional blindness are similar because both of these phenomena

According to the discussion of object recognition,

Chapter 2 discussed two related topics,called change blindness and inattentional blindness.According to this discussion,

According to the introductory discussion about perceptual processes,

Neuroscience research has been conducted on the response of individual neurons to lines that have different orientations.The results of this research are most compatible with the _______________ approach to object recognition.

Chapter 2 discusses a study by Burton and his colleagues on people's ability to identify a face that is shown in a video security system.According to the results of this study,

The boundaries between words in spoken language

Suppose that you look at a television screen for less than a second and then close your eyes.The image that is briefly preserved after the stimulus has disappeared is held in

You can identify a letter more accurately when it appears in a word than when it does not.This phenomenon is called the

Suppose that you walk past the home of your friend,John.Standing in front of the house is someone who somewhat resembles your friend,so you shout,"Hi,John!" To your embarrassment,it is not John but his younger brother-substantially shorter and with darker hair.This error can be traced to

Bottom-up processing

The face-inversion effect indicates that

Which of the following examples would be most comparable to the word superiority effect if we were to apply this phenomenon to hearing?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters

Exam 2: Perceptual Processes I: Visual and Auditory Recognition

Right now,the words in this sentence are being registered on the retina of your eye.This representation on your retina is called

Suppose that you are listening to a lecture,and another student's chair squeaks loudly during the middle of a word,so that the middle of that word cannot be heard.Nonetheless,you do not detect any interruption in the word.This example is closest to which of the following cognitive phenomena?

The term "phoneme" refers to

According to the word superiority effect,

The discussion about face recognition points out that we perceive a face in terms of a "gestalt." You can therefore conclude that

Change blindness and inattentional blindness are similar because both of these phenomena

According to the discussion of object recognition,

Chapter 2 discussed two related topics,called change blindness and inattentional blindness.According to this discussion,

According to the introductory discussion about perceptual processes,

Neuroscience research has been conducted on the response of individual neurons to lines that have different orientations.The results of this research are most compatible with the _______________ approach to object recognition.

Chapter 2 discusses a study by Burton and his colleagues on people's ability to identify a face that is shown in a video security system.According to the results of this study,

The boundaries between words in spoken language

Suppose that you look at a television screen for less than a second and then close your eyes.The image that is briefly preserved after the stimulus has disappeared is held in

You can identify a letter more accurately when it appears in a word than when it does not.This phenomenon is called the

Suppose that you walk past the home of your friend,John.Standing in front of the house is someone who somewhat resembles your friend,so you shout,"Hi,John!" To your embarrassment,it is not John but his younger brother-substantially shorter and with darker hair.This error can be traced to

Bottom-up processing

The face-inversion effect indicates that

Which of the following examples would be most comparable to the word superiority effect if we were to apply this phenomenon to hearing?

An Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

Perceptual Processes II: Attention and Consciousness

Working Memory

Long-Term Memory

Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Mental Imagery and Cognitive Maps

General Knowledge

Language I: Introduction to Language and Language Comprehension

Language II: Language Production and Bilingualism

Problem Solving and Creativity

Deductive Reasoning and Decision Making

Cognitive Development Throughout the Lifespan

Filters