Exam 11: Judgment and Reasoning

In one study, participants were shown a film about a family on welfare and then asked for their opinions about welfare. Prior to viewing the film, half of the participants were told that the film showed a highly unusual case. The other participants were told that the film showed a quite typical case. After viewing the film, participants were asked their opinions about welfare. On the basis of other evidence, we would expect to find that

Describe the four-card task. In your description, include the following components: a. the basic task b. the type of logical argument that governs the task c. the typical performance rates and how those can be improved by changing components of the task

Which of the following is an example of the gambler's fallacy?

You are asked to rate how likely it is that a student, Steve, will pass an upcoming exam. You are told that, in the past, the "pass" rate for this exam is 30%. Which of the following statements about your rating is MOST LIKELY to be true? You will:

Reasoning from "man who" arguments is usually inappropriate because generalizing from a single case is justified only

The four-card task provides an example of how

People tend to be more alert and responsive to evidence that supports their preexisting notions and beliefs than to evidence that challenges them. This effect is called

Evidence from the four-card task suggests all of the following EXCEPT that

In an experiment, participants were told of a previously unknown tribe living on a Pacific island. Only one member of this tribe had been observed so far, and he was found to be obese. When asked how likely it was that all members of the tribe were obese, participants were unwilling to extrapolate this information. This shows that participants

Data format seems to play an important role in decision making because

The availability heuristic is a strategy in which

Compare and contrast System 1 and System 2 reasoning. Include in your discussion the benefits and drawbacks to each system, the instances in which each system would be used, and how changing the data format can lead to changes in use.

Someone who is insensitive to base rates is likely to have all of the following problems EXCEPT

Descriptive information that indicates that you are likely to be a member of a category (or fit the stereotype) is referred to as

According to the work of Tversky and Kahneman (1987), people are _____ when dealing with potential losses, but are _____ when dealing with potential gains.

When we encounter a highly unusual event, we are particularly likely to notice and consider the event. As a consequence,

Research into whether personality traits can be diagnosed by descriptions of ink blots has shown that

"I can easily think of the names of several dishonest politicians, so I'm certain there are a lot of dishonest politicians!" This is an example of a judgment relying on

Heuristics are strategies that

In using the representativeness heuristic, participants