Question 1

Briefly describe the effects of the hormone adiponectin.

Accepted Answer

Adiponectin is a hormone predominantly p

Question 2

The peptide hormone adiponectin, produced in adipose tissue, circulates in the blood and:

Accepted Answer

A)  enhances fatty acid synthesis in liver cells. 
B)  increases the rate of $\beta$ oxidation of fatty acids in muscle cells. 
C)  inhibits glucose uptake and catabolism in muscle and liver cells. 
D)  reduces the transport of fatty acids into muscle cells. 
E)  stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver cells. 
A)  enhances fatty acid synthesis in liver cells. 
B)  increases the rate of $\beta$ oxidation of fatty acids in muscle cells. 
C)  inhibits glucose uptake and catabolism in muscle and liver cells. 
D)  reduces the transport of fatty acids into muscle cells. 
E)  stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver cells.

Question 3

In its role in the hormonal hierarchy, the hypothalamus produces and releases:

Accepted Answer

A)  epinephrine. 
B)  insulin. 
C)  progesterone. 
D)  releasing factors. 
E)  thyroxine. 
A)  epinephrine. 
B)  insulin. 
C)  progesterone. 
D)  releasing factors. 
E)  thyroxine.

Question 4

Which enzyme is NOT activated by insulin?

Accepted Answer

A)  acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
B)  glycogen synthase 
C)  HMG-CoA reductase 
D)  hormone sensitive lipase 
E)  kinase activity of PFK-2 
A)  acetyl-CoA carboxylase 
B)  glycogen synthase 
C)  HMG-CoA reductase 
D)  hormone sensitive lipase 
E)  kinase activity of PFK-2

Question 5

Which hormone must bind to a nuclear receptor before it has an effect?

Accepted Answer

A)  epinephrine 
B)  PGE1 
C)  triiodothyronine 
D)  nitric oxide 
E)  GLUT4 
A)  epinephrine 
B)  PGE1 
C)  triiodothyronine 
D)  nitric oxide 
E)  GLUT4

Question 6

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized fatty tissue present in some hibernating and cold-adapted animals. The mitochondria of BAT contain an additional protein called thermogenin, which spans the inner mitochondrial membrane. What occurs when this protein is active?

Accepted Answer

A)  a decrease in the overall consumption of oxygen 
B)  an increase in the storage of triglycerides in brown adipocytes 
C)  a significant increase in heat production 
D)  a decrease in the flux of $\beta$ oxidation in the matrix 
E)  no change in the amount of ATP produced per fatty acid catabolized 
A)  a decrease in the overall consumption of oxygen 
B)  an increase in the storage of triglycerides in brown adipocytes 
C)  a significant increase in heat production 
D)  a decrease in the flux of $\beta$ oxidation in the matrix 
E)  no change in the amount of ATP produced per fatty acid catabolized

Question 7

Which protein is likely to be activated by cortisol?

Accepted Answer

A)  GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane in myocytes 
B)  phoephoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 
C)  glycogen synthase in hepatocytes 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
E)  None of the answers is correct. 
A)  GLUT4 translocation to plasma membrane in myocytes 
B)  phoephoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 
C)  glycogen synthase in hepatocytes 
D)  All of the answers are correct. 
E)  None of the answers is correct.

Question 8

Which compound is NOT a peptide hormone?

Accepted Answer

A)  grehlin 
B)  insulin 
C)  adiponectin 
D)  PPAR$\gamma$ 
E)  PYY3-36 
A)  grehlin 
B)  insulin 
C)  adiponectin 
D)  PPAR$\gamma$ 
E)  PYY3-36

Question 9

When blood glucose is abnormally high, the pancreas releases:

Accepted Answer

A)  epinephrine. 
B)  glucagon. 
C)  glucose. 
D)  insulin. 
E)  trypsin. 
A)  epinephrine. 
B)  glucagon. 
C)  glucose. 
D)  insulin. 
E)  trypsin.

Question 10

In anaerobic skeletal muscle, breakdown of glycogen yields _____ ATP per glucose equivalent.

Accepted Answer

A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  32 
A)  1 
B)  2 
C)  3 
D)  4 
E)  32

Question 11

Which condition is associated with elevated insulin levels in the blood?

Accepted Answer

A)  Acetyl-CoA levels rise and ketone body synthesis increases. 
B)  Oxaloacetate levels are high and citrate synthesis increases. 
C)  Gluconeogenesis is activated and glycolysis is inhibited. 
D)  The production of mevalonate decreases. 
E)  Liver glycogen phosphorylase is activated. 
A)  Acetyl-CoA levels rise and ketone body synthesis increases. 
B)  Oxaloacetate levels are high and citrate synthesis increases. 
C)  Gluconeogenesis is activated and glycolysis is inhibited. 
D)  The production of mevalonate decreases. 
E)  Liver glycogen phosphorylase is activated.

Question 12

Which hormone triggers the release of neuropeptide Y from orexigenic neurons?

Accepted Answer

A)  leptin 
B)  insulin 
C)  ghrelin 
D)  both leptin and insulin 
E)  both leptin and ghrelin 
A)  leptin 
B)  insulin 
C)  ghrelin 
D)  both leptin and insulin 
E)  both leptin and ghrelin

Question 13

Describe five possible fates for glucose 6-phosphate in the liver.

Accepted Answer

1. Glycolysis: Glucose 6-phosphate can b

Question 14

Explain the signaling pathway by which an increase in blood glucose causes the release of insulin from pancreatic $\beta$ cells.

Accepted Answer

When blood glucose levels increase, the

Question 15

A hyperventilating patient is admitted to hospital after experiencing for some time excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue. Analysis of the blood reveals below normal pH and above normal glucose levels. What is the primary cause of this low blood pH?

Accepted Answer

A)  ketoacidosis resulting from starvation 
B)  water loss due to frequent urination 
C)  excessive amounts of lactate produced by anaerobic metabolism 
D)  ketoacidosis resulting from untreated type I diabetes 
E)  excessive amounts of lactate produced by chronic alcohol use 
A)  ketoacidosis resulting from starvation 
B)  water loss due to frequent urination 
C)  excessive amounts of lactate produced by anaerobic metabolism 
D)  ketoacidosis resulting from untreated type I diabetes 
E)  excessive amounts of lactate produced by chronic alcohol use

Question 16

Brown adipose tissue has been described as the "The fat that makes you thin." Explain why brown fat is being investigated as a key to weight control.

Accepted Answer

Brown adipose tissue, or brown fat, is b

Question 17

Compare in general terms the effects of epinephrine, glucagon, and insulin on glucose metabolism.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine, glucagon, and insulin all p

Question 18

Which statement is TRUE regarding the islet cells of the pancreas?

Accepted Answer

A) $\alpha$cells secrete glucagon to stimulate glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle. 
B) $\alpha$ cells secrete glucagon to stimulate glycolysis liver. 
C)  $\beta$ cells secrete glucagon to stimulate glycogenolysis in liver. 
D)  $\beta$ cells secrete insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, the liver, and adipose tissue. 
E)  $\alpha$cells secrete insulin to stimulate glycolysis in skeletal muscle. 
A) $\alpha$cells secrete glucagon to stimulate glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle. 
B) $\alpha$ cells secrete glucagon to stimulate glycolysis liver. 
C)  $\beta$ cells secrete glucagon to stimulate glycogenolysis in liver. 
D)  $\beta$ cells secrete insulin to stimulate glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, the liver, and adipose tissue. 
E)  $\alpha$cells secrete insulin to stimulate glycolysis in skeletal muscle.

Question 19

Provide some distinguishing characteristics between peptide hormones and thyroid hormones.

Accepted Answer

Peptide hormones and thyroid hormones ar

Question 20

Which statement is FALSE regarding the protein ghrelin?

Accepted Answer

A)  Levels of ghrelin are lowest in the blood just before a meal and lowest just after a meal. 
B)  Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced by endocrine cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. 
C)  The receptors for ghrelin are found in the same location as the receptors for leptin. 
D)  Regulation of gastric ghrelin secretion may be influenced by specific microbes in the gut. 
E)  Ghrelin causes the release of orexigenic peptides from arcuate neurons in the pituitary gland. 
A)  Levels of ghrelin are lowest in the blood just before a meal and lowest just after a meal. 
B)  Ghrelin is a peptide hormone produced by endocrine cells lining the gastrointestinal tract. 
C)  The receptors for ghrelin are found in the same location as the receptors for leptin. 
D)  Regulation of gastric ghrelin secretion may be influenced by specific microbes in the gut. 
E)  Ghrelin causes the release of orexigenic peptides from arcuate neurons in the pituitary gland.

Exam 23: Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Briefly describe the effects of the hormone adiponectin.

The peptide hormone adiponectin, produced in adipose tissue, circulates in the blood and:

In its role in the hormonal hierarchy, the hypothalamus produces and releases:

Which enzyme is NOT activated by insulin?

Which hormone must bind to a nuclear receptor before it has an effect?

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a specialized fatty tissue present in some hibernating and cold-adapted animals. The mitochondria of BAT contain an additional protein called thermogenin, which spans the inner mitochondrial membrane. What occurs when this protein is active?

Which protein is likely to be activated by cortisol?

Which compound is NOT a peptide hormone?

When blood glucose is abnormally high, the pancreas releases:

In anaerobic skeletal muscle, breakdown of glycogen yields _____ ATP per glucose equivalent.

Which condition is associated with elevated insulin levels in the blood?

Which hormone triggers the release of neuropeptide Y from orexigenic neurons?

Describe five possible fates for glucose 6-phosphate in the liver.

Explain the signaling pathway by which an increase in blood glucose causes the release of insulin from pancreatic β\betaβ cells.

A hyperventilating patient is admitted to hospital after experiencing for some time excessive thirst, frequent urination, weight loss, and fatigue. Analysis of the blood reveals below normal pH and above normal glucose levels. What is the primary cause of this low blood pH?

Brown adipose tissue has been described as the "The fat that makes you thin." Explain why brown fat is being investigated as a key to weight control.

Compare in general terms the effects of epinephrine, glucagon, and insulin on glucose metabolism.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the islet cells of the pancreas?

Provide some distinguishing characteristics between peptide hormones and thyroid hormones.

Which statement is FALSE regarding the protein ghrelin?

The Foundations of Biochemistry

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

Filters

Explain the signaling pathway by which an increase in blood glucose causes the release of insulin from pancreatic $\beta$ cells.