Question 1

If the free energy change $\Delta$G for a reaction is -46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:

Accepted Answer

A)  at equilibrium. 
B)  endergonic. 
C)  endothermic. 
D)  exergonic. 
E)  exothermic. 
A)  at equilibrium. 
B)  endergonic. 
C)  endothermic. 
D)  exergonic. 
E)  exothermic. D

Question 2

Which choice CORRECTLY lists the molecular masses from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

A)  18 kDa < 15,000 Da < 15,100 amu < 1.8 MDa < 1.8 mDa 
B)  1.8 mDa < 15,000 Da < 15,100 amu <18 kDa < 1.8 MDa 
C)  1.8 MDa < 15,000 Da < 15,100 amu <18 kDa < 1.8 mDa 
D)  1.8 mDa < 15,100 amu < 15,000 Da <18 kDa < 1.8 MDa 
E)  1.8 MDa < 18 kDa < 15,100 amu < 1.8 mDa <15,000 Da 
A)  18 kDa < 15,000 Da < 15,100 amu < 1.8 MDa < 1.8 mDa 
B)  1.8 mDa < 15,000 Da < 15,100 amu <18 kDa < 1.8 MDa 
C)  1.8 MDa < 15,000 Da < 15,100 amu <18 kDa < 1.8 mDa 
D)  1.8 mDa < 15,100 amu < 15,000 Da <18 kDa < 1.8 MDa 
E)  1.8 MDa < 18 kDa < 15,100 amu < 1.8 mDa <15,000 Da B

Question 3

When a region of DNA must be repaired by removing and replacing some of the nucleotides, what ensures that the new nucleotides are in the correct sequence?

Accepted Answer

A)  DNA cannot be repaired and this explains why mutations occur. 
B)  Specific enzymes bind the correct nucleotides. 
C)  The new nucleotides base pair accurately with those on the complementary strand. 
D)  The repair enzyme recognizes the removed nucleotide and brings in an identical one to replace it. 
E)  The three-dimensional structure determines the order of nucleotides. 
A)  DNA cannot be repaired and this explains why mutations occur. 
B)  Specific enzymes bind the correct nucleotides. 
C)  The new nucleotides base pair accurately with those on the complementary strand. 
D)  The repair enzyme recognizes the removed nucleotide and brings in an identical one to replace it. 
E)  The three-dimensional structure determines the order of nucleotides. C

Question 4

A) What is the diagram below?
B) Describe what it illustrates about the relationship between animals, halophiles, slime molds, and gram-positive bacteria.
C) Explain the evidence used in construction of this diagram.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A) What is the diagram below?
B) Describe...

Question 5

Briefly, compare and contrast the three domains of life.

Accepted Answer

The three domains of life are Bacteria,

Question 6

Which list of descriptive terms for biological molecules is placed in CORRECT order from smallest to largest?

Accepted Answer

A)  monomer, oligomer, polymer 
B)  monomer, multimer, macromer 
C)  oligomer, monomer, polymer 
D)  polymer, oligomer, monomer 
E)  metamer, oligomer, polymer 
A)  monomer, oligomer, polymer 
B)  monomer, multimer, macromer 
C)  oligomer, monomer, polymer 
D)  polymer, oligomer, monomer 
E)  metamer, oligomer, polymer

Question 7

The bacterium E. coli requires simple organic molecules for growth and energy-it is therefore a:

Accepted Answer

A)  chemoautotroph. 
B)  chemoheterotroph. 
C)  lithotroph. 
D)  photoautotroph. 
E)  photoheterotroph. 
A)  chemoautotroph. 
B)  chemoheterotroph. 
C)  lithotroph. 
D)  photoautotroph. 
E)  photoheterotroph.

Question 8

The enzyme fumarase catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to l-malate, but it will not catalyze the hydration of maleic acid, the cis isomer of fumaric acid. This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  biological activity. 
B)  chiral activity. 
C)  racemization. 
D)  stereoisomerization. 
E)  stereospecificity. 
A)  biological activity. 
B)  chiral activity. 
C)  racemization. 
D)  stereoisomerization. 
E)  stereospecificity.

Question 9

What is the underlying, organizing biochemical principle that results in the chemical similarity of virtually all living things? Given this biochemical similarity, how is the structural and functional diversity of living things possible?

Accepted Answer

The underlying, organizing biochemical p

Question 10

What functional groups are present on this molecule?

Accepted Answer

A)  ether and aldehyde 
B)  hydroxyl and aldehyde 
C)  hydroxyl and carboxylic acid 
D)  hydroxyl and ester 
E)  hydroxyl and ketone 
A)  ether and aldehyde 
B)  hydroxyl and aldehyde 
C)  hydroxyl and carboxylic acid 
D)  hydroxyl and ester 
E)  hydroxyl and ketone

Question 11

A chemist working in a pharmaceutical lab synthesized a new drug as a racemic mixture. Why is it important that she separate the two enantiomers and test each for its biological activity?

Accepted Answer

It is important for the chemist to separ

Question 12

In general, increasing the temperature of a reaction will have what effect, based on the relationship between standard free energy change and the equilibrium constant?

Accepted Answer

A)  The reaction will be inhibited. 
B)  The reaction will go faster. 
C)  The reaction will become more spontaneous. 
D)  The reaction will become less spontaneous. 
E)  There will be no effect on the reaction. 
A)  The reaction will be inhibited. 
B)  The reaction will go faster. 
C)  The reaction will become more spontaneous. 
D)  The reaction will become less spontaneous. 
E)  There will be no effect on the reaction.

Question 13

The four covalent bonds in methane (CH4) are arranged around carbon to give which geometry?

Accepted Answer

A)  linear 
B)  tetrahedral 
C)  trigonal bipyramidal 
D)  trigonal planar 
E)  trigonal pyramidal 
A)  linear 
B)  tetrahedral 
C)  trigonal bipyramidal 
D)  trigonal planar 
E)  trigonal pyramidal

Question 14

In double-stranded DNA, the two strands are held together by _____ bonds.

Accepted Answer

A)  covalent 
B)  ionic 
C)  polypeptide 
D)  hydrogen 
E)  phosphodiester 
A)  covalent 
B)  ionic 
C)  polypeptide 
D)  hydrogen 
E)  phosphodiester

Question 15

How is the genetic information encoded in DNA and how is a new copy of DNA synthesized?

Accepted Answer

The genetic information in DNA is encode

Question 16

Which element is NOT among the four most abundant in living organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  carbon 
B)  hydrogen 
C)  nitrogen 
D)  oxygen 
E)  phosphorus 
A)  carbon 
B)  hydrogen 
C)  nitrogen 
D)  oxygen 
E)  phosphorus

Question 17

Which statement CORRECTLY describes the molecules shown in the figure?

Accepted Answer

A)  A and D are enantiomers, and B and C are diastereomers. 
B)  A and D are diastereomers, and B and C are enantiomers. 
C)  A and C are enantiomers, and B and D are diastereomers. 
D)  A and C are diastereomers, and B and D are enantiomers. 
E)  All are diastereomers to each other. 
A)  A and D are enantiomers, and B and C are diastereomers. 
B)  A and D are diastereomers, and B and C are enantiomers. 
C)  A and C are enantiomers, and B and D are diastereomers. 
D)  A and C are diastereomers, and B and D are enantiomers. 
E)  All are diastereomers to each other.

Question 18

What did Jacques Monod mean when he wrote, "What is true of E. coli is true of the elephant?"

Accepted Answer

A)  Bacterial cells are identical to animal cells. 
B)  Bacterial cells can synthesize ivory under certain conditions. 
C)  Bacterial cells contain a chromosome similar to animal cells. 
D)  Bacterial cells contain enzymes similar to those found in animal cells. 
E)  Bacterial cells contain molecules with complexity similar to molecules found in in the "mineral world." 
A)  Bacterial cells are identical to animal cells. 
B)  Bacterial cells can synthesize ivory under certain conditions. 
C)  Bacterial cells contain a chromosome similar to animal cells. 
D)  Bacterial cells contain enzymes similar to those found in animal cells. 
E)  Bacterial cells contain molecules with complexity similar to molecules found in in the "mineral world."

Question 19

It is possible to separate a racemic mixture by:

Accepted Answer

A)  combustion. 
B)  crystallization. 
C)  centrifugation. 
D)  distillation. 
E)  magnetism. 
A)  combustion. 
B)  crystallization. 
C)  centrifugation. 
D)  distillation. 
E)  magnetism.

Question 20

Which statement is NOT true about the formation of early organisms?

Accepted Answer

A)  The first organisms were anaerobic because the atmosphere was devoid of oxygen. 
B)  The original electron donor for photosynthetic processes was probably H2S. 
C)  Oxygen, a powerful oxidant, was probably welcomed by anaerobic organisms as a preferable choice for metabolic reactions. 
D)  The transfer of electrons to O2 releases more energy than transferring electrons to SO42- 
E)  Cyanobacteria are modern descendants of early photosynthetic oxygen-producers. 
A)  The first organisms were anaerobic because the atmosphere was devoid of oxygen. 
B)  The original electron donor for photosynthetic processes was probably H2S. 
C)  Oxygen, a powerful oxidant, was probably welcomed by anaerobic organisms as a preferable choice for metabolic reactions. 
D)  The transfer of electrons to O2 releases more energy than transferring electrons to SO42- 
E)  Cyanobacteria are modern descendants of early photosynthetic oxygen-producers.

Exam 1: The Foundations of Biochemistry

If the free energy change Δ\DeltaΔ G for a reaction is -46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:

Which choice CORRECTLY lists the molecular masses from smallest to largest?

When a region of DNA must be repaired by removing and replacing some of the nucleotides, what ensures that the new nucleotides are in the correct sequence?

A) What is the diagram below? B) Describe what it illustrates about the relationship between animals, halophiles, slime molds, and gram-positive bacteria. C) Explain the evidence used in construction of this diagram.

Briefly, compare and contrast the three domains of life.

Which list of descriptive terms for biological molecules is placed in CORRECT order from smallest to largest?

The bacterium E. coli requires simple organic molecules for growth and energy-it is therefore a:

The enzyme fumarase catalyzes the reversible hydration of fumaric acid to l-malate, but it will not catalyze the hydration of maleic acid, the cis isomer of fumaric acid. This is an example of:

What is the underlying, organizing biochemical principle that results in the chemical similarity of virtually all living things? Given this biochemical similarity, how is the structural and functional diversity of living things possible?

What functional groups are present on this molecule?

A chemist working in a pharmaceutical lab synthesized a new drug as a racemic mixture. Why is it important that she separate the two enantiomers and test each for its biological activity?

In general, increasing the temperature of a reaction will have what effect, based on the relationship between standard free energy change and the equilibrium constant?

The four covalent bonds in methane (CH4) are arranged around carbon to give which geometry?

In double-stranded DNA, the two strands are held together by _____ bonds.

How is the genetic information encoded in DNA and how is a new copy of DNA synthesized?

Which element is NOT among the four most abundant in living organisms?

Which statement CORRECTLY describes the molecules shown in the figure?

What did Jacques Monod mean when he wrote, "What is true of E. coli is true of the elephant?"

It is possible to separate a racemic mixture by:

Which statement is NOT true about the formation of early organisms?

Water

Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

The Three-Dimensional Structure of Proteins

Protein Function

Enzymes

Carbohydrates and Glycobiology

Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids

DNA-Based Information Technologies

Lipids

Biological Membranes and Transport

Biosignaling

Bioenergetics and Biochemical Reaction Types

Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

Principles of Metabolic Regulation

The Citric Acid Cycle

Fatty Acid Catabolism

Amino Acid Oxidation and the Production of Urea

Oxidative Phosphorylation and Photophosphorylation

Carbohydrate Biosynthesis in Plants and Bacteria

Lipid Biosynthesis

Biosynthesis of Amino Acids, Nucleotides, and Related Molecules

Hormonal Regulation and Integration of Mammalian Metabolism

Genes and Chromosomes

DNA Metabolism

RNA Metabolism

Protein Metabolism

Regulation of Gene Expression

Filters

If the free energy change $\Delta$ G for a reaction is -46.11 kJ/mol, the reaction is:

The four covalent bonds in methane (CH₄) are arranged around carbon to give which geometry?