Exam 1: The Foundations of Biochemistry

(a) On the reaction coordinate diagram shown below, label the transition state and the overall free-energy change ( $\Delta$ G) for the uncatalyzed reaction A $\rightarrow$ B. (b) Is this an exergonic or endergonic reaction? (c) Draw a second curve showing the energetics of the reaction if it were enzyme-catalyzed.

_____ pathways _____ large molecules, _____ energy.

The catalog of all proteins functioning in a cell is the:

Which organic molecules can be considered "alive"?

Which organelle does NOT consist of a double membrane?

If an organism is a facultative anaerobe, which statement is TRUE?

What is meant by feedback inhibition and why is it important in a living organism?

What is the difference, if any, between cytosol and cytoplasm?

E. coli is known as a gram-negative bacterial species. (a) How is this determined? (b) How do gram-negative bacteria differ structurally from gram-positive bacteria?

What is meant by the term "in vitro"? What are the challenges and benefits to studying enzymes "in vitro"?

Fructose-1-phosphate can be hydrolyzed into fructose + inorganic phosphate (P_i) with a $\Delta$ G° of -16.0 kJ/mol. If ATP can be hydrolyzed into ADP + P_i with a $\Delta$ G° of -30.5 kJ/mol, what is the free energy change for the reaction of fructose + ATP $\rightarrow$ fructose 1-phospate + ADP?

Describe how the rise of O₂-producing bacteria might have led to the eventual predominance of aerobic organisms on earth.

Instant cold packs get cold when the contents, usually solid urea and liquid water, are mixed, producing an aqueous solution of urea. Although this process is clearly spontaneous, the products are colder than the reactants. Explain how this is possible in terms of the difference between $\Delta$ G and $\Delta$ H.

Which substance is NOT a secondary metabolite?

Which answer choice represents the LARGEST percentage, by weight, of an E. coli cell?

Which statement is NOT true regarding orthologous genes?

Accurate folding of a protein does NOT depend on:

Differentiate between configuration and conformation.

Which present-day observable piece of evidence supports the "RNA world" hypothesis?

Draw the structures of the following functional groups in their un-ionized forms: (a) hydroxyl, (b) carboxyl, (c) amino, (d) phosphoryl.