Question 1

In a token economy, tokens:

Accepted Answer

A)  replace all reinforcers 
B)  can be exchanged for other reinforcers at a later time 
C)  can be used only with humans 
D)  have been shown to be ineffective in producing desirable results

Question 2

Which one of the following is NOT included in Seligman's preparedness hypothesis?

Accepted Answer

A)  unprepared 
B)  very prepared 
C)  contraprepared 
D)  prepared

Question 3

Which of the following is not true of interoceptive conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  it requires conscious experience or awareness of the conditioning 
B)  it is usually unavoidable 
C)  it can lead to maladaptive behaviors 
D)  it is more permanent than external classical conditioning

Question 4

When Crespi (1942) gave rats different amounts of reinforcement for running, he found that:

Accepted Answer

A)  larger rewards slowed the rats down 
B)  smaller rewards produced the fastest running 
C)  larger rewards produced faster running 
D)  amount of reward did not influence running speed

Question 5

A _____ serves as a reminder of the other reinforcers it can buy.

Accepted Answer

A)  generalized reinforcer 
B)  token 
C)  stimulus 
D)  reinforcing stimulus

Question 6

Little Johnny is watching his father shave. Which modeling process is he exhibiting?

Accepted Answer

A)  attention 
B)  reproduction 
C)  regulation 
D)  retention

Question 7

Chemotherapy patients sometimes eat less than they should. Research suggests that this lack of eating may be caused by:

Accepted Answer

A)  a pre-existing case of anorexia nervosa 
B)  changes in the nervous system due to the effects of chemotherapy 
C)  the direct action of the chemotherapy drugs on satiety signals from the stomach 
D)  a learned aversion to food eaten near the time of chemotherapy treatment

Question 8

The importance of vicarious reinforcement situations is that they show that:

Accepted Answer

A)  we alter our behavior as a result of observing consequences of behavior of others 
B)  reinforcement lowers inhibitions 
C)  motivational aspects of reinforcement are not important 
D)  classical conditioning is essential for pleasure

Question 9

The concept of "sexual values" implies that:

Accepted Answer

A)  acceptable sexual behaviors are the same from one culture to another 
B)  acceptable sexual behaviors depend upon the culture in which one is raised 
C)  what constitutes acceptable sexual behavior changes as a person ages 
D)  sexual behavior is often considered valuable

Question 10

Pavlov's work with experimental neurosis showed that:

Accepted Answer

A)  instrumental conditioning can lead to motivated behavior 
B)  classical conditioning can lead to motivated behavior 
C)  neither classical nor instrumental conditioning is involved in motivated behavior 
D)  people can be conditioned to be neurotic

Question 11

According to Bandura, which of the following is NOT a modeling process in observational learning?

Accepted Answer

A)  attention 
B)  retention 
C)  regulation 
D)  reproduction

Question 12

According to Seligman (1976), all of the following are symptoms of helplessness EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  passivity 
B)  retardation of learning 
C)  decrease in aggressiveness or competitiveness 
D)  increase in helplessness with time

Question 13

According to Bandura, human behavior results from:

Accepted Answer

A)  internal, conflicting forces 
B)  control from the environment, i.e., reinforcement and punishment 
C)  interactions between behaviors and the conditions that control the behaviors 
D)  cognitive factors only

Question 14

When Bandura and his associates conducted experiments on aggression in children, they found:

Accepted Answer

A)  children do not act aggressively until age five 
B)  children learn to model aggressive behaviors that they observe in others 
C)  observing aggressive behavior seems to inhibit the children's own aggression 
D)  only males were aggressive

Question 15

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiments, the meat powder was the:

Accepted Answer

A)  UCS 
B)  CS 
C)  CR 
D)  UCR

Question 16

Pfaus and colleagues (2001) stated that rats prefer a location that has previously been paired with a mate for copulation. This phenomenon is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  classical conditioned sex 
B)  mating location preference 
C)  sexual habituation 
D)  conditional place preference

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT true according to results of Seligman's experiment in which dogs were given unavoidable shocks? The dogs given unavoidable shocks:

Accepted Answer

A)  were much slower to learn to avoid the shock in a new "controllable" situation 
B)  were less aggressive in aversive and competitive conditions 
C)  got better with time 
D)  could not be prevented from developing learned helplessness

Question 18

Research on aggression has shown all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  aggression is a basic instinct in humans 
B)  people who are reinforced for aggressive behavior tend to continue to be aggressive 
C)  aggression may be due, in part, to classical conditioning 
D)  individuals can learn to be aggressive by observing aggressive behavior in others

Question 19

According to Bandura's social learning theory, the primary function of reinforcement is:

Accepted Answer

A)  to reduce a social need 
B)  motivational and informational 
C)  only motivational 
D)  only informational

Question 20

The research of Mary Cover Jones (1924) demonstrated that:

Accepted Answer

A)  fear can be eliminated through classical conditioning 
B)  fear is permanent 
C)  fear is easy to develop 
D)  instrumental conditioning can reduce fear

Exam 5: Learned Motives: Classical, Instrumental, and Observational Learning