Question 1

How does the cognitive approach to intelligence research differ from the psychometric approach? How do the two approaches define intelligence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How does the cognitive approach to intelligence...

Question 2

In 2001, an unknown person sent anthrax through the United States Postal Service, causing the deaths of five people. Many people became afraid to open their mail, although the risk for any given individual was extremely small. What heuristics help to explain this reaction?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In 2001, an unknown person sent anthrax...

Question 3

Stereotype threat is a burden of doubt a person feels about his or her performance, due to negative
stereotypes about his or her group's abilities.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

The tendency to think, mistakenly, that human beings have nothing in common with other animals is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  anthropodenial. 
B)  anthropomorphism. 
C)  stereotype threat. 
D)  tacit knowledge.

Question 5

Catherine's grandmother says that if Catherine follows the family's traditional recipe for Irish soda bread exactly, then she is sure to have very good results. Catherine's grandmother is encouraging her granddaughter to:

Accepted Answer

A)  engage in dialectical thinking. 
B)  make use of her family's tacit knowledge. 
C)  use an algorithm. 
D)  rely upon a heuristic.

Question 6

One of the longest-running psychological studies ever conducted was begun by Lewis Terman in 1921 in order to learn about children who scored in the top one percent of the IQ distribution. As they reached adulthood, some of these "Termites," as they were called, fulfilled their early promise, but others did not. Analyze the differences between those who were successful and those who were not.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One of the longest-running psychological studies ever...

Question 7

Define your terms! In Chapter 1, we learned that this was an important guideline with regard to critical thinking. People refer to intelligence all the time, but how is intelligence usually defined? Does the musical genius of a world-class violinist count as intelligence? Based on your reading of Chapter 9, describe different ways that intelligence has been defined.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define your terms! In Chapter 1, we...

Question 8

The day after the election, Josephine says that she knew all along who the winner would be. Although it is possible that she had some special insight into the election, it is more likely that Josephine is:

Accepted Answer

A)  avoiding loss. 
B)  exhibiting confirmation bias. 
C)  exaggerating the improbable. 
D)  exhibiting hindsight bias.

Question 9

Research conducted with chimpanzees suggests that they have a rudimentary sense of numbers.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

A representation that may occur in many sensory modalities, and that resembles what it represents, is a:

Accepted Answer

A)  concept. 
B)  mental image. 
C)  cognitive schema. 
D)  proposition.

Question 11

________ is the knowledge or awareness of one's own cognitive processes.

Accepted Answer

A)  Contextual intelligence 
B)  Emotional intelligence 
C)  Metacognition 
D)  Tacit knowledge

Question 12

In a study of eighth graders, ___________ was more strongly correlated with school performance than ___________ was.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In a study of eighth graders, ___________...

Question 13

Tiffany tells her husband that she thinks their dog is embarrassed to be walked around the neighborhood in the sweater that she knitted for him. This is almost certainly an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  divergent thinking. 
B)  stereotype threat. 
C)  anthropodenial. 
D)  anthropomorphism.

Question 14

In Chapter 2 (How Psychologists Do Research), we learned that in survey research, the phrasing of questions needs to be considered. How is this related to the importance of wording as noted in Chapter 9 (Thinking and Intelligence), especially with regard to the tendency to avoid loss and minimize risk?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Chapter 2 (How Psychologists Do Research),...

Question 15

Prereflective thinkers tend to assume that:

Accepted Answer

A)  some things can never be known with certainty. 
B)  all opinions are created equal. 
C)  a correct answer always exists. 
D)  some judgments are more valid than others.

Question 16

Dialectical reasoning involves:

Accepted Answer

A)  comparing and evaluating opposing points of view in order to determine the best solution. 
B)  drawing conclusions from a set of observations or premises. 
C)  generalizing from past experience. 
D)  using an algorithm to solve a problem.

Question 17

Most people take longer to identify a platypus as a mammal than to identify a cat as a mammal. This is likely because a cat is closer to most people's _______________ for the concept of mammal.

Accepted Answer

A)  mental set 
B)  prototype 
C)  basic concept 
D)  algorithm

Question 18

In Chapter 1, we learned that the media and the public persist in equating "psychologist" with "psychotherapist." How does the concept of prototypes, discussed in Chapter 9 (Thinking and Intelligence), help to explain this phenomenon?

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Chapter 1, we learned that the...

Question 19

Fenton has learned a great strategy for winning a card game, but he developed the strategy without being able to consciously identify what he was doing. He isn't even sure what exactly he has learned! This type of learning is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  implicit learning. 
B)  prototypical learning. 
C)  mindless learning. 
D)  algorithmic learning.

Question 20

Animals solve problems in ways that fascinate us. Describe the research that has led some researchers to conclude that animals can think, including in your essay information regarding:
-The chimpanzees studied by Wolfgang Kohler;
-Kanzi, the bonobo who uses a computer keyboard;
-Alex, the African gray parrot who vocalized English words.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Animals solve problems in ways that fascinate...

Exam 9: Thinking and Intelligence