Question 1

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing,the __________ is presented ________ the UCS.

Accepted Answer

A)  CR;after 
B)  CS;after 
C)  UCR;before 
D)  CR;at the same time as

Question 2

Mary Cover Jones was a psychologist who was knowledgeable about behaviourist principles.Using the assumption that fear can be classically conditioned,she set out to break the CS-UCS pairing using a technique in which a patient is exposed to a stimulus that arouses anxiety without the presence of the UCS.The modern version of her technique was called:

Accepted Answer

A)  extinction therapies. 
B)  flooding technique. 
C)  exposure therapies. 
D)  systematic desensitization.

Question 3

How animals appear to be biologically "prewired" to easily learn behaviours that are related to their survival as a species because of evolutionary forces is referred to by the term ____________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning 
B)  operant extinction 
C)  preparedness 
D)  fixed action pattern

Question 4

An antecedent is a(n)___________ that is present ___________ a given behaviour has been displayed.

Accepted Answer

A)  association;after 
B)  stimulus;before 
C)  conditioned response;after 
D)  emitted behaviour;before

Question 5

Stuart has a rather unusual fear: He is afraid of public speaking,but only when he has to make speeches on the weekend.He is a professor and has no trouble speaking in front of large groups of students,and he has made effective presentations at conferences,as long as he presents on a weekday.The specificity of Stuart's fear most clearly demonstrates the process of:

Accepted Answer

A)  escape conditioning. 
B)  avoidance conditioning. 
C)  stimulus generalization. 
D)  discrimination.

Question 6

Operant conditioning is concerned with ____________,whereas classical conditioning focuses on ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminative stimuli;generalized stimuli 
B)  emitted behaviours;elicited behaviours 
C)  generalized stimuli;discriminative stimuli 
D)  elicited behaviours;emitted behaviours

Question 7

The organism learns to associate two stimuli such that a previously neutral stimulus comes to produce a reflexive response that was previously produced by a different stimulus,in _______________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  modelling 
C)  classical conditioning 
D)  shaping

Question 8

When an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one,___________ has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus control 
B)  operant generalization 
C)  operant discrimination 
D)  the schedule of reinforcement

Question 9

Conditioned taste aversions were discussed to demonstrate the concept of higher-order conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 10

In the anticipatory nausea and vomiting response that can occur with patients receiving cancer treatment,initially neutral stimuli,such as needles,the hospital,or the treatment room,become _______ that trigger sickness.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcers 
B)  conditioned stimuli 
C)  positive reinforcers 
D)  discriminative stimuli

Question 11

In classical conditioning,discrimination refers to how a:

Accepted Answer

A)  CR can be triggered by many different stimuli. 
B)  CR is triggered by one stimulus but not by others. 
C)  CR can fade when a CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS. 
D)  UCS can become a CS.

Question 12

The behavioural procedure that is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  chaining. 
B)  successive approximations. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  training.

Question 13

Operant extinction,aversive punishment,and response cost punishment are similar in that they all:

Accepted Answer

A)  serve to strengthen behaviour. 
B)  involve the manipulation of positive reinforcers. 
C)  involve the manipulation of negative reinforcers. 
D)  serve to weaken behaviour.

Question 14

In negative reinforcement,when an aversive stimulus is ___________,it makes the behaviour that it follows ________ likely to occur.

Accepted Answer

A)  removed;less 
B)  removed;more 
C)  presented;less 
D)  presented;more

Question 15

After a single bad encounter with a dog,a child develops a dog phobia.She shows strong avoidance and escape behaviours at the sight of a dog.Initially,the sight of a dog served as a conditioned stimulus that triggered fear.However,after operant conditioning has taken over and her avoidance behaviour has been learned,the sight of a dog would best be considered as an example of a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned response. 
B)  negative reinforcer. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  antecedent stimulus.

Question 16

All of the following would strengthen the classical conditioning process,EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  presenting the UCS before the CS. 
B)  presenting a particularly strong UCS. 
C)  repeatedly presenting the CS-USC pairings. 
D)  making sure the time interval between the CS and UCS is short.

Question 17

One major way that the CS and UCS are similar is that:

Accepted Answer

A)  after classical conditioning,they both elicit the same behavioural response. 
B)  before classical conditioning,they both elicit the same behavioural response. 
C)  they both make the behaviours that they follow more likely to occur. 
D)  they both make the behaviours that they follow less likely to occur.

Question 18

Which of the following would be most likely to produce the fastest learning that is also resistant to extinction? Start with:

Accepted Answer

A)  a variable reinforcement schedule and then shift to a continuous reinforcement schedule one the behaviour has been learned. 
B)  a fixed reinforcement schedule and then shift to a variable reinforcement schedule once the behaviour has been learned. 
C)  continuous reinforcement and then shift to a fixed reinforcement schedule once the behaviour has been learned. 
D)  continuous reinforcement and then shift to a variable reinforcement schedule once the behaviour has been learned.

Question 19

One of the disadvantages of ______________ is that it often arouses negative emotions such as fear and anger and can inspire the dislike or avoidance of the person administering it.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement 
B)  higher-order conditioning 
C)  aversive punishment 
D)  secondary reinforcement

Question 20

Which of the following provides the best definition of sensitization? It is a(n)___________________________ stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous response to a discriminative 
B)  decrease in the strength of response to a repeated 
C)  increase in the strength of response to a repeated 
D)  acquisition of a response to an increasing s

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing,the __ is presented the UCS.

How animals appear to be biologically "prewired" to easily learn behaviours that are related to their survival as a species because of evolutionary forces is referred to by the term ____________________.

An antecedent is a(n) _ that is present _ a given behaviour has been displayed.

Operant conditioning is concerned with ,whereas classical conditioning focuses on .

The organism learns to associate two stimuli such that a previously neutral stimulus comes to produce a reflexive response that was previously produced by a different stimulus,in _______________________.

When an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one,___________ has occurred.

Conditioned taste aversions were discussed to demonstrate the concept of higher-order conditioning.

In the anticipatory nausea and vomiting response that can occur with patients receiving cancer treatment,initially neutral stimuli,such as needles,the hospital,or the treatment room,become _______ that trigger sickness.

In classical conditioning,discrimination refers to how a:

The behavioural procedure that is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response is called:

Operant extinction,aversive punishment,and response cost punishment are similar in that they all:

In negative reinforcement,when an aversive stimulus is ___,it makes the behaviour that it follows likely to occur.

All of the following would strengthen the classical conditioning process,EXCEPT:

One major way that the CS and UCS are similar is that:

Which of the following would be most likely to produce the fastest learning that is also resistant to extinction? Start with:

One of the disadvantages of ______________ is that it often arouses negative emotions such as fear and anger and can inspire the dislike or avoidance of the person administering it.

Which of the following provides the best definition of sensitization? It is a(n) ___________________________ stimulus.

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing,the __________ is presented ________ the UCS.

How animals appear to be biologically "prewired" to easily learn behaviours that are related to their survival as a species because of evolutionary forces is referred to by the term ____________________.

An antecedent is a(n) ___________ that is present ___________ a given behaviour has been displayed.

Operant conditioning is concerned with ____________,whereas classical conditioning focuses on ____________.

The organism learns to associate two stimuli such that a previously neutral stimulus comes to produce a reflexive response that was previously produced by a different stimulus,in _______________________.

When an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus or situation that is similar to the original one,___________ has occurred.

Conditioned taste aversions were discussed to demonstrate the concept of higher-order conditioning.

In the anticipatory nausea and vomiting response that can occur with patients receiving cancer treatment,initially neutral stimuli,such as needles,the hospital,or the treatment room,become _______ that trigger sickness.

In classical conditioning,discrimination refers to how a:

The behavioural procedure that is used to develop a sequence of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response is called:

Operant extinction,aversive punishment,and response cost punishment are similar in that they all:

In negative reinforcement,when an aversive stimulus is ___________,it makes the behaviour that it follows ________ likely to occur.

All of the following would strengthen the classical conditioning process,EXCEPT:

One major way that the CS and UCS are similar is that:

Which of the following would be most likely to produce the fastest learning that is also resistant to extinction? Start with:

One of the disadvantages of ______________ is that it often arouses negative emotions such as fear and anger and can inspire the dislike or avoidance of the person administering it.

Which of the following provides the best definition of sensitization? It is a(n) ___________________________ stimulus.

In a classical conditioning experiment that is utilizing backward pairing,the __ is presented the UCS.

An antecedent is a(n) _ that is present _ a given behaviour has been displayed.

Operant conditioning is concerned with ,whereas classical conditioning focuses on .

In negative reinforcement,when an aversive stimulus is ___,it makes the behaviour that it follows likely to occur.