Question 1

If a CR has high stimulus generalization,then it will be triggered by ____________ stimuli(us),whereas if it has high discrimination,it will occur in response to ____________ stimuli(us).

Accepted Answer

A)  several different;a single 
B)  a discriminative;a neutral 
C)  a single;several different 
D)  a neutral;a discriminative

Question 2

The researcher Rosenzweig (1984)found that young animals exposed to enriched learning environments with toys and greater opportunities to learn:

Accepted Answer

A)  develop heavier brains with more dendrites and synapses. 
B)  have reduced amounts of neural pruning. 
C)  are biologically predisposed to have larger brains with more neural connections. 
D)  are biologically predisposed to learn faster and with greater efficiency.

Question 3

Animals placed on a ________________ schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced,possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced.

Accepted Answer

A)  continuous 
B)  fixed ratio or fixed interval 
C)  variable interval 
D)  variable ratio or fixed ratio

Question 4

Amanda is allergic to pollen.Whenever she is near a flower,she has an extreme allergic reaction.Interestingly,whenever Amanda is near a silk or fake flower,she also has an extreme allergic reaction despite the absence of pollen.In this example,the fake flower is the ___________ and the allergic reaction it causes is the ___________ response.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus;conditioned 
B)  conditioned stimulus;unconditioned 
C)  unconditioned stimulus;conditioned 
D)  stimulus generalization;conditioned

Question 5

The fact that people can become more easily addicted to drugs that produce their effects quickly is most relevant to which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  the effect of immediate reinforcement 
B)  the nature of withdrawal 
C)  stimulus generalization 
D)  shaping

Question 6

Using his special chamber,Skinner found that rats would display a behaviour,such as pressing a lever,more frequently if following that behaviour a food pellet was provided.The food pellet acts as a(n):

Accepted Answer

A)  punisher. 
B)  reinforcer. 
C)  strengthener. 
D)  outcome variable.

Question 7

The fact that exposure to stimulating environments seems to _____________ the declines in cognitive functioning that usually occur in late adulthood best demonstrates how ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  have no effect on;learning influences biology 
B)  have no effect on;biology influences learning 
C)  slow down;learning influences biology 
D)  slow down;biology influences learning

Question 8

John Watson and Rosalie Rayner (1920)conducted experiments with an 11-month-old baby named Albert.Knowing that Albert would be afraid of loud noises,they conditioned him to fear a white rat by pairing the presentation of the rat with a loud noise.Although he was initially unafraid of the rat,after several trials,he would cry and become fearful when shown the rat.In this instance,the rat represented the:

Accepted Answer

A)  UCS. 
B)  UCR. 
C)  CS. 
D)  CR.

Question 9

If a candy machine isn't working properly,we can usually figure it out pretty quickly and do not continue to deposit coins into the machine.Because these machines are supposed to operate on a _____________ schedule,it is easier for people to tell when they are not working properly.

Accepted Answer

A)  variable ratio 
B)  continuous 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  variable interval

Question 10

On her 12th birthday,Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu.Since then,Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake.Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies.The CS has ___________ to the other treats.

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminated 
B)  generalized 
C)  acquired 
D)  spontaneously recovered

Question 11

In the Skinner box,the behaviour of rats would __________ in frequency if given food pellets and __________ in frequency if given electric shocks.

Accepted Answer

A)  decrease;increase 
B)  decrease;decrease 
C)  increase;decrease 
D)  increase;increase

Question 12

Tran volunteered to help her grandmother clean her house and do some yard work.Because of her assistance,Tran was given $20.She then volunteered to come again the following week.This is an example of:

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  aversive punishment. 
D)  conditional reinforcement.

Question 13

In operant conditioning,punishment refers to any ____________ that ___________ the likelihood of a behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus;increases 
B)  response;increases 
C)  consequence;decreases 
D)  discrimination;decreases

Question 14

Last week,Jessica threw a temper tantrum in the middle of the grocery store because her mother had said she could not have a candy bar.After 5 minutes of screaming and crying,Jessica got a candy bar.Now Jessica is throwing another temper tantrum in the grocery store because she was told that she could not have an ice cream cone.The frequency of Jessica's behaviour has been influenced by:

Accepted Answer

A)  response cost punishment. 
B)  aversive punishment. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  positive reinforcement.

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

If a CR has high stimulus generalization,then it will be triggered by stimuli(us) ,whereas if it has high discrimination,it will occur in response to stimuli(us) .

The researcher Rosenzweig (1984) found that young animals exposed to enriched learning environments with toys and greater opportunities to learn:

Animals placed on a ________________ schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced,possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced.

The fact that people can become more easily addicted to drugs that produce their effects quickly is most relevant to which of the following?

Using his special chamber,Skinner found that rats would display a behaviour,such as pressing a lever,more frequently if following that behaviour a food pellet was provided.The food pellet acts as a(n) :

The fact that exposure to stimulating environments seems to ___ the declines in cognitive functioning that usually occur in late adulthood best demonstrates how _.

If a candy machine isn't working properly,we can usually figure it out pretty quickly and do not continue to deposit coins into the machine.Because these machines are supposed to operate on a _____________ schedule,it is easier for people to tell when they are not working properly.

On her 12^th birthday,Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu.Since then,Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake.Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies.The CS has ___________ to the other treats.

In the Skinner box,the behaviour of rats would in frequency if given food pellets and in frequency if given electric shocks.

Tran volunteered to help her grandmother clean her house and do some yard work.Because of her assistance,Tran was given $20.She then volunteered to come again the following week.This is an example of:

In operant conditioning,punishment refers to any __ that _ the likelihood of a behaviour.

Exam 7: Learning and Adaptation: the Role of Experience

If a CR has high stimulus generalization,then it will be triggered by ____________ stimuli(us) ,whereas if it has high discrimination,it will occur in response to ____________ stimuli(us) .

The researcher Rosenzweig (1984) found that young animals exposed to enriched learning environments with toys and greater opportunities to learn:

Animals placed on a ________________ schedule of reinforcement often show a pause briefly after being reinforced,possibly because they have learned that the next response is never reinforced.

The fact that people can become more easily addicted to drugs that produce their effects quickly is most relevant to which of the following?

Using his special chamber,Skinner found that rats would display a behaviour,such as pressing a lever,more frequently if following that behaviour a food pellet was provided.The food pellet acts as a(n) :

The fact that exposure to stimulating environments seems to _____________ the declines in cognitive functioning that usually occur in late adulthood best demonstrates how ___________.

If a candy machine isn't working properly,we can usually figure it out pretty quickly and do not continue to deposit coins into the machine.Because these machines are supposed to operate on a _____________ schedule,it is easier for people to tell when they are not working properly.

On her 12th birthday,Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu.Since then,Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake.Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies.The CS has ___________ to the other treats.

In the Skinner box,the behaviour of rats would __________ in frequency if given food pellets and __________ in frequency if given electric shocks.

Tran volunteered to help her grandmother clean her house and do some yard work.Because of her assistance,Tran was given $20.She then volunteered to come again the following week.This is an example of:

In operant conditioning,punishment refers to any ____________ that ___________ the likelihood of a behaviour.

If a CR has high stimulus generalization,then it will be triggered by stimuli(us) ,whereas if it has high discrimination,it will occur in response to stimuli(us) .

The fact that exposure to stimulating environments seems to ___ the declines in cognitive functioning that usually occur in late adulthood best demonstrates how _.

On her 12^th birthday,Juanita ate cake and then felt nauseous due to the flu.Since then,Juanita begins to feel sick whenever she sees a cake.Juanita also feels sick whenever she sees cupcakes or cookies.The CS has ___________ to the other treats.

In the Skinner box,the behaviour of rats would in frequency if given food pellets and in frequency if given electric shocks.

In operant conditioning,punishment refers to any __ that _ the likelihood of a behaviour.