Question 1

Pennebaker's research on the effects of "opening up" or confiding in others shows that those people who________ show the most improvements to their health.

Accepted Answer

A) write the stories with the least amount of traumatic content 
B) write the stories with the most traumatic content 
C) write stories that start out incoherent but become more organized 
D) write stories that focus on relationships 
E) write stories that focus on other people

Question 2

Several months after he randomly assigned nursing home residents to either have control or a lack of control over visitation schedules,Richard Schulz (Schulz & Hanusa,1978)was dismayed to find that those residents who had originally controlled the duration and frequency of visits from college students later experienced poorer health and higher mortality rates.These findings seem directly at odds with research by Judith Rodin and Ellen Langer (1977),until one considers that

Accepted Answer

A) Langer and Rodin studied women and Schulz studied men. 
B) people sometimes blame themselves for health problems. 
C) a lack of perceived control is worse than losing it. 
D) Schulz induced only a temporary sense of control. 
E) Schulz did not control for the severity of the health problems.

Question 3

Jenn uses a cognitive dissonance technique to encourage students in her Social Psychology class to use condoms when they have sex.She does so by asking her students to produce a video on the dangers of unprotected sex to be shown to local high school students.What else can she do to increase condom use among her students?

Accepted Answer

A) She can first ask students to recall the times that they had unprotected sex. 
B) She can tell the students that if they don't like the video,she will erase it. 
C) She can provide factual information on the prevalence of AIDS among the high school population. 
D) She can tell the students that the video is very important. 
E) She can suggest that the students use a fear appeal.

Question 4

Based on longitudinal research conducted by James House and his colleagues (1982),which of the following people would be most likely to die over the next twelve years?

Accepted Answer

A) Gladys,a widow who volunteers to teach children to read 
B) Jean,who cooks a large dinner for her family every Sunday 
C) Selma,who babysits her grandchildren every week 
D) Oscar,who lives alone and seldom has contact with others 
E) Harry,who plays bridge every day at the senior citizens' center

Question 5

Bonita wants to get in good physical shape.She believes that she can eliminate fats from her diet,jog three times a week,avoid temptations when shopping for groceries,and distract herself when she gets a craving for cheese cake.In this case,Bonita is likely to _______ because she is _______.

Accepted Answer

A) fail; delusional. 
B) succeed; high in self-efficacy. 
C) fail; falling prey to an optimistic bias. 
D) succeed; low in learned helplessness. 
E) fail; making a global attribution.

Question 6

In what way might perceived control be a detriment to dealing with an illness?

Accepted Answer

A) Perceived control may lead patients to blame themselves for the disease or for failure to recover. 
B) Perceived control may lead a patient to stop taking his or her medicine because they believe they don't need it. 
C) Perceived control may make a patient feel better,but actually increases the severity of the physical symptoms. 
D) Perceived control may lead a patient to ignore the advice of medical professionals. 
E) Perceived control alleviates physical symptoms,but decreases immunity toward other diseases.

Question 7

What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe,1967)measure?

Accepted Answer

A) career satisfaction 
B) stress 
C) mental health 
D) life changes 
E) social support

Question 8

According to research by Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (1984),_____ is likely to reduce stress related to a negative life event such as cancer and can actually prolong life.

Accepted Answer

A) perceived control 
B) subjective severity 
C) an accurate attribution 
D) objective severity 
E) favorable attribution

Question 9

Researchers often employ correlational designs to assess the relation between stress and physical health .One problem with this approach is that researchers using this method

Accepted Answer

A) cannot make definitive causal statements. 
B) do not sample adequately from all age groups. 
C) do not often use representative samples. 
D) cannot analyze the data statistically. 
E) rely solely on respondents self-reports.

Question 10

Based on Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin's (1976)study of perceived control in elderly nursing home residents,which of the following residents is most likely to feel happier,be more active,and live longer?

Accepted Answer

A) Jack,whose room is full of lush plants 
B) Catherine,who is often escorted outside for walks 
C) Janet,who is visited often by her family 
D) Aron,who has his own personal aide to attend to his needs 
E) Bess,who makes her own bed and has a choice of a vegetarian meal

Question 11

According to the authors of your text,one reason why self-efficacy increases the likelihood that people will engage in healthier behaviours is that self-efficacy

Accepted Answer

A) changes their attributions in a positive way. 
B) helps their immune systems function optimally. 
C) increases their cognitive dissonance. 
D) results in positive illusions of control. 
E) decreases arousal.

Question 12

Research summarized in your textbook (Sastry & Ross,1998)finds that members of ________ cultures show less of a relationship between perceived control and psychological distress because of the________.

Accepted Answer

A) Western; culture of honor. 
B) Western; importance of individual achievement. 
C) Asian; emphasis on collectivist values. 
D) Western; importance of stoicism. 
E) Asian; they are taught to be controlled from childhood.

Question 13

Richard Schulz (1976)randomly assigned nursing home residents to one of two conditions designed to manipulate perceived control over visitation schedules.He found that two months later,residents who

Accepted Answer

A) had health problems benefited more from the visits. 
B) had a say in visit scheduling were more happy,active,and required fewer medications. 
C) had health problems benefited the least from more visits. 
D) were visited more were happier,more active,and lived longer. 
E) did not receive visitors were less happy,less active,and took more medications.

Question 14

Many public service announcements (e.g.stop smoking,practice safe sex,use seatbelts,apply sunscreen,etc.)appeal to people's ________ in order to get them to change their behaviours.

Accepted Answer

A) fears 
B) sense of empathy 
C) hopes 
D) tendency to conform 
E) sense of accomplishment

Question 15

According to a number of polls,in which of the following ways have unhealthy health habits among Canadians failed to improve? They are _______ than in the past.

Accepted Answer

A) experiencing more exercise-related injuries 
B) suffering more from eating disorders 
C) binge drinking more 
D) smoking more 
E) smoking and suffering from eating disorders

Question 16

Both Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin (1976)and Richard Schultz (1976)conducted field experiments in which nursing home residents were provided more control over their situations.Unlike Langer and Rodin,however,Schultz and Hanusa (1978)later found that those elderly participants who had earlier been allowed to schedule visits with college students actually had more health problems and higher mortality rates than those participants who had never had control over the visits.Explain these apparently contradictory findings.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Both Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin (1976)and...

Question 17

Alex Rothman (1993)and his colleagues (Rothman & Salovey,1997)studied how message framing influences people's health-related behaviours.If you wanted to use results of their experiment to encourage people to use sun screen to prevent skin cancer,which of the following messages would you use?

Accepted Answer

A) An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure. 
B) Skin cancer is one of the biggest killers of young people. 
C) Skin cancer is one of the easiest cancers to prevent. 
D) More people die from skin cancer than from heart attacks. 
E) Skin cancer can affect anyone.

Question 18

The authors of your text provide a "word of caution." It can be dangerous to overestimate the relation between perceived control and physical health,because

Accepted Answer

A) scientists still do not understand the mechanisms that explain this relation. 
B) when health problems improve,people lose a sense of perceived control. 
C) currently all the evidence is correlational. 
D) when health problems become chronic,people may blame themselves. 
E) it is impossible to determine whether perceived control and health are causally related.

Question 19

From a social-psychological perspective,one problem with studies of the relation between the number of negative life events and reports of physical illness is that

Accepted Answer

A) objective situations have more influence than subjective situations. 
B) researchers often ignore positive life events as a source of stress. 
C) researchers often ignore respondents construals of objective negative life events. 
D) stress is an inevitable consequence of social life. 
E) people tend to over report the number of negative events in their life.

Question 20

At Duke University,Tim Wilson and Patricia Linville (1982,1985)recruited first-year students who were concerned about their academic performance.Students in the experimental group received statistics on grade improvement over the course of college and saw videotapes of upper-year students who talked about the improvements in their grades after the first year.Compared to students who saw no statistics and no videotapes,experimental students improved their grades and were less likely to drop out.These impressive results suggest that

Accepted Answer

A) the statistics and videotapes prevented learned helplessness from setting in. 
B) the intervention was successful in teaching students learning and study skills. 
C) the intervention was effective because students' mood improved. 
D) the intervention helped students see their lives more objectively. 
E) statistics and videotapes distracted students from their academic problems.

Exam 14: Exploring the Concept of Stress: Factors, Correlations, and Implications for Health

Pennebaker's research on the effects of "opening up" or confiding in others shows that those people who________ show the most improvements to their health.

Based on longitudinal research conducted by James House and his colleagues (1982) ,which of the following people would be most likely to die over the next twelve years?

Bonita wants to get in good physical shape.She believes that she can eliminate fats from her diet,jog three times a week,avoid temptations when shopping for groceries,and distract herself when she gets a craving for cheese cake.In this case,Bonita is likely to _ because she is _.

In what way might perceived control be a detriment to dealing with an illness?

What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe,1967) measure?

According to research by Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (1984) ,_____ is likely to reduce stress related to a negative life event such as cancer and can actually prolong life.

Researchers often employ correlational designs to assess the relation between stress and physical health .One problem with this approach is that researchers using this method

Based on Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin's (1976) study of perceived control in elderly nursing home residents,which of the following residents is most likely to feel happier,be more active,and live longer?

According to the authors of your text,one reason why self-efficacy increases the likelihood that people will engage in healthier behaviours is that self-efficacy

Research summarized in your textbook (Sastry & Ross,1998) finds that members of cultures show less of a relationship between perceived control and psychological distress because of the.

Richard Schulz (1976) randomly assigned nursing home residents to one of two conditions designed to manipulate perceived control over visitation schedules.He found that two months later,residents who

Many public service announcements (e.g.stop smoking,practice safe sex,use seatbelts,apply sunscreen,etc.) appeal to people's ________ in order to get them to change their behaviours.

According to a number of polls,in which of the following ways have unhealthy health habits among Canadians failed to improve? They are _______ than in the past.

Alex Rothman (1993) and his colleagues (Rothman & Salovey,1997) studied how message framing influences people's health-related behaviours.If you wanted to use results of their experiment to encourage people to use sun screen to prevent skin cancer,which of the following messages would you use?

The authors of your text provide a "word of caution." It can be dangerous to overestimate the relation between perceived control and physical health,because

From a social-psychological perspective,one problem with studies of the relation between the number of negative life events and reports of physical illness is that

Exam 14: Exploring the Concept of Stress: Factors, Correlations, and Implications for Health

Pennebaker's research on the effects of "opening up" or confiding in others shows that those people who________ show the most improvements to their health.

Based on longitudinal research conducted by James House and his colleagues (1982) ,which of the following people would be most likely to die over the next twelve years?

Bonita wants to get in good physical shape.She believes that she can eliminate fats from her diet,jog three times a week,avoid temptations when shopping for groceries,and distract herself when she gets a craving for cheese cake.In this case,Bonita is likely to _______ because she is _______.

In what way might perceived control be a detriment to dealing with an illness?

What does the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (Holmes & Rahe,1967) measure?

According to research by Shelley Taylor and her colleagues (1984) ,_____ is likely to reduce stress related to a negative life event such as cancer and can actually prolong life.

Researchers often employ correlational designs to assess the relation between stress and physical health .One problem with this approach is that researchers using this method

Based on Ellen Langer and Judith Rodin's (1976) study of perceived control in elderly nursing home residents,which of the following residents is most likely to feel happier,be more active,and live longer?

According to the authors of your text,one reason why self-efficacy increases the likelihood that people will engage in healthier behaviours is that self-efficacy

Research summarized in your textbook (Sastry & Ross,1998) finds that members of ________ cultures show less of a relationship between perceived control and psychological distress because of the________.

Richard Schulz (1976) randomly assigned nursing home residents to one of two conditions designed to manipulate perceived control over visitation schedules.He found that two months later,residents who

Many public service announcements (e.g.stop smoking,practice safe sex,use seatbelts,apply sunscreen,etc.) appeal to people's ________ in order to get them to change their behaviours.

According to a number of polls,in which of the following ways have unhealthy health habits among Canadians failed to improve? They are _______ than in the past.

Alex Rothman (1993) and his colleagues (Rothman & Salovey,1997) studied how message framing influences people's health-related behaviours.If you wanted to use results of their experiment to encourage people to use sun screen to prevent skin cancer,which of the following messages would you use?

The authors of your text provide a "word of caution." It can be dangerous to overestimate the relation between perceived control and physical health,because

From a social-psychological perspective,one problem with studies of the relation between the number of negative life events and reports of physical illness is that

Bonita wants to get in good physical shape.She believes that she can eliminate fats from her diet,jog three times a week,avoid temptations when shopping for groceries,and distract herself when she gets a craving for cheese cake.In this case,Bonita is likely to _ because she is _.

Research summarized in your textbook (Sastry & Ross,1998) finds that members of cultures show less of a relationship between perceived control and psychological distress because of the.