Question 1

What is a self-discrepancy? How does the type of self-discrepancy we experience influence how we feel?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is a self-discrepancy? How does the...

Question 2

Is self-enhancement culturally specific? Remember to define self-enhancement and summarize research exploring cultural differences in this tendency.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Is self-enhancement culturally specific? Remember to define...

Question 3

According to the authors of your text,when people encounter failure that points out the discrepancy between the ideal and actual self,they often self-servingly cope with the resulting negative emotions by

Accepted Answer

A) finding a way to avoid personal responsibility for their failures. 
B) seeking new,more effective tactics and strategies. 
C) making internal attributions for their problems. 
D) taking on another challenge on a different dimension. 
E) taking on an unrealistically difficult challenge.

Question 4

According to self-awareness theory,under which of the following circumstances would an individual be most highly motivated to avoid self-awareness?

Accepted Answer

A) while reading an engaging novel 
B) while helping a friend with her homework 
C) after giving a successful presentation 
D) while watching an interesting documentary on television 
E) directly after receiving a low grade on an important test

Question 5

According to the authors of your text,_______ explains why providing young children with large rewards for reading (e.g.,money or prizes)might actually backfire and convince them that they don't really like reading as much as they thought at first.

Accepted Answer

A) intrinsic motivation theory 
B) self-perception processes 
C) extrinsic motivation theory 
D) reason generating attitude change 
E) the overjustification effect

Question 6

_______ theory holds that people have a need to seek confirmation of their self-concepts,even at the expense of self-enhancement.

Accepted Answer

A) Self-verification 
B) Self-awareness 
C) Self-completion 
D) Self-affirmation 
E) Self-justification

Question 7

Susan Cross and Laura Madson (1997)have found that,in the United States,women are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves and men to have an independent view of themselves.These gender differences suggest

Accepted Answer

A) our sense of self is determined by biological factors. 
B) gender,like culture,can influence our sense of ourselves. 
C) there is little overlap in the psychological makeup of men and women. 
D) women in the United States have the same sense of self as people living in Eastern cultures. 
E) gender has little impact on our sense of self.

Question 8

Holding unrealistically positive views of oneself is called

Accepted Answer

A) self-affirmation. 
B) self-verification. 
C) self-completion. 
D) self-esteem. 
E) self-enhancement.

Question 9

After observing the amount of time elementary students spent playing new math games,David Greene,Betty Sternberg,and Mark Lepper (1976)provided rewards to children for playing with the games.From what you know about the overjustification effect,what can you predict happened after the rewards were removed?

Accepted Answer

A) The children's intrinsic interest in the math games increased. 
B) Although children reported less liking for the math games,they continued to play with them. 
C) The time children spent playing with the game increased slightly. 
D) The time children spent playing the game remained the same. 
E) The children's intrinsic interest in the math games decreased.

Question 10

Which subjects in Tiggerman & Polivy's (2010)study of the effects of social comparison had the LEAST dissatisfaction with their bodies and LEAST negative mood?

Accepted Answer

A) subjects who had compared their appearance with that of a thin model 
B) subjects who had compared their intelligence and education with that of a thin model 
C) subjects who had compared their height with that of a tall model 
D) subjects who had compared their morality with that of a thin model 
E) subjects who had compared their appearance with a slim television actress

Question 11

According to the text,research on self-concept that has asked participants to complete the sentence,"I am...." has revealed that

Accepted Answer

A) across all cultures,women are more likely to describe themselves in relational terms,such as,"I am a good friend." 
B) whether or not gender differences in self-concept are found in a particular culture depends on whether or not the culture is collectivist or individualistic. 
C) compared to men,women in all cultures place a higher value on trust and respect in intimate relationships. 
D) generally,there are no gender differences in responses across all cultures. 
E) in all cultures,men are more likely to describe themselves in terms of individual attributes,such as "I am responsible."

Question 12

Maurice had always gotten a lot of satisfaction from caring for his brothers and sisters when they were sick.A few months ago,Maurice's father convinced him to take a job at a hospital as a nurse's aid so that he could earn money doing what he enjoyed.Now that Maurice has been working at the hospital for awhile,he no longer enjoys caring for sick people as much as he did before he took the job.One reason for Maurice's attitude change may be that the job has undermined his _______ for helping others.

Accepted Answer

A) causal motivation 
B) intrinsic motivation 
C) extrinsic motivation 
D) internal justification 
E) external justification

Question 13

The cornerstone of Leon Festinger's (1954)social comparison theory is that people

Accepted Answer

A) have a need to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. 
B) prefer subjective feedback to objective feedback. 
C) are motivated to see themselves in the most positive light. 
D) only accept feedback that helps maintain self-esteem. 
E) prefer to compare themselves to others more talented or accomplished than they are.

Exam 5: The Self: Understanding Ourselves in a Social Context

What is a self-discrepancy? How does the type of self-discrepancy we experience influence how we feel?

Is self-enhancement culturally specific? Remember to define self-enhancement and summarize research exploring cultural differences in this tendency.

According to the authors of your text,when people encounter failure that points out the discrepancy between the ideal and actual self,they often self-servingly cope with the resulting negative emotions by

According to self-awareness theory,under which of the following circumstances would an individual be most highly motivated to avoid self-awareness?

According to the authors of your text,_______ explains why providing young children with large rewards for reading (e.g.,money or prizes) might actually backfire and convince them that they don't really like reading as much as they thought at first.

_______ theory holds that people have a need to seek confirmation of their self-concepts,even at the expense of self-enhancement.

Susan Cross and Laura Madson (1997) have found that,in the United States,women are more likely to have an interdependent view of themselves and men to have an independent view of themselves.These gender differences suggest

Holding unrealistically positive views of oneself is called

Which subjects in Tiggerman & Polivy's (2010) study of the effects of social comparison had the LEAST dissatisfaction with their bodies and LEAST negative mood?

According to the text,research on self-concept that has asked participants to complete the sentence,"I am...." has revealed that

The cornerstone of Leon Festinger's (1954) social comparison theory is that people