Question 1

Studies of the relationship between self-consciousness and attitudes suggest that if you are making a decision and suddenly are induced to feel self-conscious, you will be more likely to

Accepted Answer

A)  take action that is consistent with your attitudes. 
B)  take action that is inconsistent with your attitudes. 
C)  momentarily forget and fail to act on your attitudes. 
D)  be more vulnerable to external influences on your attitudes.

Question 2

In applying the principle of cognitive dissonance to have others develop their own internal standards for new behaviour, managers, teachers, and parents should use _________ to elicit the desired behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  reminders of their legitimate authority 
B)  only social punishments and rewards 
C)  promises rather than threats 
D)  the smallest possible incentive

Question 3

Think about Batson's research on moral hypocrisy. Why are people so often moral hypocrites?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Think about Batson's research on moral hypocrisy....

Question 4

According to the theory of planned behaviour, one's attitude, perceived social norms, and ______ together determine one's intentions, which guide behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  motivations 
B)  perceptions 
C)  feelings of control 
D)  judgment

Question 5

You are hosting a Weight Watchers party for people who have reached their goal weight. You want to provide tasty snacks, but you don't want to encourage over-eating, either. How could you arrange things to help your friends eat sensibly, in accord with their new attitudes toward eating?

Accepted Answer

A)  Put the food in the kitchen, away from the main flow of people. 
B)  Spread the food out all over the house, on individual trays. 
C)  Put the food on a table that is placed directly underneath your large wall mirror in the dining room. 
D)  None of these choices.

Question 6

Sophie, a highly competent company accountant, tells her boss, Scott, that the business plan Scott has just started is irrational, given the latest sales figures. Scott decides that Sophie doesn't know her job and continues to implement his plan. Scott may have been affected by

Accepted Answer

A)  self-monitoring. 
B)  the principle of aggregation. 
C)  cognitive dissonance. 
D)  intrinsic motivation.

Question 7

In the ABCs of attitudes, "C" stands for

Accepted Answer

A)  care. 
B)  connotation. 
C)  cognition. 
D)  concern.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is true?

Accepted Answer

A)  People feel more confident just after betting on a horse than just before betting. 
B)  Contestants at a carnival game feel more confident of winning before agreeing to play than just after agreeing to play. 
C)  Voters are more confident in a candidate just before voting than just after voting. 
D)  All of these choices.

Question 9

Jack is tempted to shoplift an expensive camera even though he has a negative attitude about shoplifting. Jack is least likely to steal the camera if

Accepted Answer

A)  his negative attitude about shoplifting was learned from his teachers. 
B)  he notices there are few customers in the store. 
C)  he carefully looks at himself in a mirror. 
D)  he has recently shoplifted items from other stores.

Question 10

"We are likely to act ourselves into a way of thinking." Discuss the evidence for this statement.

Accepted Answer

The answer of "We are likely to act ourselves into...

Question 11

Our attitudes predict our actions when

Accepted Answer

A)  other influences on our actions are minimized. 
B)  the attitude involved is specifically about the action. 
C)  we are conscious of our attitudes as we act. 
D)  all of these choices.

Question 12

Kristine and her brother Ed have a friendly bet about which team, the Pittsburgh Penguins versus the Detroit Red Wings, is going to win the NHL playoffs. Kristine places her bet on the Penguins, and Ed on the Red Wings. Right after making their bet, both Kristine and Ed become overconfident that their team is going to win. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the seeing-is-believing effect. 
B)  the deciding-becomes-believing effect. 
C)  the door-in-the-face phenomenon. 
D)  the believing-is-acting effect.

Question 13

In which of the following situations would cognitive dissonance theorists predict that the person is experiencing dissonance?

Accepted Answer

A)  Dan is trying to decide whether to buy a new or used bicycle. 
B)  Just as Mike finishes mowing the lawn, it begins to rain. 
C)  Sara has just been accepted into law school. 
D)  Nancy has just chosen to attend City College rather than State University after receiving equally attractive scholarship offers from both.

Question 14

James is a Caucasian male who is involved in a study that is testing racial attitudes. He has been overtly asked what his attitudes about Aboriginal populations are, and then given a reaction time test where he has to select positive words that correspond to Aboriginal or Caucasian faces. This latter test is an example of what method of assessing racial attitudes?

Accepted Answer

A)  bona fide pipeline 
B)  bogus pipeline 
C)  implicit association test 
D)  reactive attitude test

Question 15

The fact that we are prone to adjust our messages to our listeners and then believe the altered message defines the

Accepted Answer

A)  bogus pipeline. 
B)  saying-becomes-believing effect. 
C)  hindsight bias. 
D)  foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

Question 16

The insufficient justification effect refers to

Accepted Answer

A)  reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behaviour when external justification is "insufficient". 
B)  reduction of dissonance whenever is needed 
C)  reduction of dissonance under extremely stressful situations 
D)  None of the above.

Question 17

Harry has always strongly believed that it is wrong to shoplift. But after he himself shoplifts some inexpensive jewellery, his attitude toward shoplifting becomes less harsh. Which theory best accounts for this attitude shift?

Accepted Answer

A)  role-playing theory 
B)  self-monitoring theory 
C)  self-perception theory 
D)  cognitive dissonance theory

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the relationship between expressed attitudes and behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A)  Expressed attitudes lead to behavioural intentions, which perfectly predict behaviours. 
B)  Past behaviours lead to behavioural intentions, which lead to expressed attitudes. 
C)  Expressed attitudes perfectly predict behaviours. 
D)  They are imperfectly related because both are subject to other influences.

Question 19

In a study by Freedman and Fraser, Californians were found to be more willing to agree to post an ugly "Drive Carefully" sign prominently in their front yards if they

Accepted Answer

A)  were offered a small compensation for their effort. 
B)  had previously scored high on a survey of attitudes favouring more stringent traffic laws. 
C)  had earlier complied with a smaller request to display a safe-driving window sign. 
D)  had first refused to comply with a smaller request to sign a safe-driving petition.

Question 20

Findings on attitudes and behaviour suggest that a social psychology professor could improve her students' attitudes toward her by

Accepted Answer

A)  lecturing them about their poor behaviour. 
B)  buying doughnuts for them. 
C)  ending classes early. 
D)  asking them to do a small favour for her.

Exam 4: Behaviour and Attitudes