Question 1

According to the principles of operant conditioning, refusing to give the child who is having a tantrum what he is asking for, will

Accepted Answer

A)  cause problems between the parents. 
B)  extinguish the behaviour. 
C)  only provoke further negative behaviour. 
D)  severely traumatize the child.

Question 2

Procrastinators are people who

Accepted Answer

A)  can stay with one task for a long time. 
B)  are well organized. 
C)  have difficulty starting and/or finishing a project. 
D)  like to do things in a timely fashion.

Question 3

Which schedule tends to produce a pattern in which responding is initially low following a reward, but then gradually increases as the time for the next reward approaches?

Accepted Answer

A)  variable interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  variable ratio 
D)  fixed interval

Question 4

Define shaping and explain how parents use shaping techniques in rearing children.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define shaping and explain how parents use...

Question 5

Learning to perform behaviours that produce positive outcomes and to avoid behaviours that yield negative outcomes is a basic characteristic of

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  flooding.

Question 6

Conditioned taste aversions can be used as an explanation for

Accepted Answer

A)  why some animals are predators and others are not. 
B)  why sugar and salt are added to canned foods. 
C)  weight loss among people undergoing chemotherapy. 
D)  why people like certain foods.

Question 7

In classical conditioning, the stimulus which elicits a response the first time it is presented to an organism is called the

Accepted Answer

A)  generalized stimulus. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  neutral stimulus.

Question 8

Andrea's mother always puts special napkins on the table when she serves fried chicken, Andrea's favourite food. Now Andrea begins to salivate as soon as she sees the special napkins on the table. The conditioned stimulus in this situation is

Accepted Answer

A)  the special napkins. 
B)  the fried chicken. 
C)  Andrea's mother. 
D)  salivation.

Question 9

Many contemporary researchers claim that biological predispositions, or the degree to which ________ prepare(s) animals and humans to acquire or resist acquiring classically conditioned responses, are an important factor in the conditioning process.

Accepted Answer

A)  mitochondria 
B)  neural proliferation 
C)  genes 
D)  learning passed from parent to child

Question 10

Michael's teacher used to say "good" when Michael managed to pronounce words correctly. Then she said "good" only when Michael correctly read an entire sentence. Now she withholds encouraging comments until he has read several sentences accurately. What technique is Michael's teacher using in teaching him to read?

Accepted Answer

A)  flooding 
B)  blocking 
C)  shaping 
D)  priming

Question 11

Explain each of the four basic schedules of reinforcement and give one example of each that you have personally experienced.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain each of the four basic schedules...

Question 12

The money Max's mother gives him for doing chores around the house is an example of a

Accepted Answer

A)  discriminative stimulus. 
B)  primary reinforcer. 
C)  secondary reinforcer. 
D)  contingent reward.

Question 13

Observational learning or modelling is a behaviour that is unique to humans.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  water 
B)  oxygen 
C)  praise 
D)  sexual pleasure

Question 15

Procedures that strengthen behaviour are termed ________ and procedures that suppress behaviour are termed ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  positive; negative 
B)  reinforcement; punishment 
C)  primary; secondary 
D)  implosive; explosive

Question 16

Extinction in operant conditioning involves

Accepted Answer

A)  withholding reinforcement. 
B)  punishment. 
C)  positive reinforcement. 
D)  negative reinforcement.

Question 17

Which of the following is not an example of an unconditioned reflex?

Accepted Answer

A)  John's pupils dilating in response to a bright light 
B)  Mike pulling his hand back quickly after touching a hot stove 
C)  Rick wiping his dirty hands off on his jeans before picking up the mail from the table 
D)  Tony's tears when he is peeling onions

Question 18

Katrin's gambling on a slot machine is reinforced according to the

Accepted Answer

A)  variable-ratio schedule. 
B)  fixed-interval schedule. 
C)  variable-interval schedule. 
D)  fixed-ratio schedule.

Question 19

Which of the following would be an example of learning, according to the definition in the text?

Accepted Answer

A)  Now that he is six feet and three inches tall, Michael can dunk a basketball. 
B)  Andy rides his bicycle without training wheels for the first time. 
C)  The newborn calf stands up and begins to walk. 
D)  A spider spins its first web.

Question 20

How is shaping used to condition a response?

Accepted Answer

The answer of How is shaping used to condition a...

Exam 5: Learning