Question 1

Summarize what the research on observational learning suggests about the relationship between violence on television and children's violence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Summarize what the research on observational learning...

Question 2

In a ________ schedule, the first correct response made after a specific time period has elapsed brings the reward.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  fixed-interval 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 3

In operant conditioning, the consequences of behaviour are manipulated to increase or decrease the frequency of a response or to shape an entirely new response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

Which of the following is true of a token economy?

Accepted Answer

A)  People in such a program must know in advance what is going to be reinforced. 
B)  They are programs that reduce socially undesirable behaviour by punishing it with tokens. 
C)  Tokens are reinforcing intrinsically, and do not need to be used or exchanged after being given. 
D)  Token economies are only effective when used on children.

Question 5

Carrie fed her cat canned tuna that was opened with an electric can opener. Even when she was merely opening a can of corn, her cat responded physically as if it were about to be fed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the

Accepted Answer

A)  sound of the electric can opener. 
B)  eating behaviours. 
C)  corn. 
D)  tuna.

Question 6

The goal of both positive and negative reinforcement is to increase the probability of a response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 7

Carl has just had a bad experience in a restaurant. He found a piece of dirty cloth in his soup and now whenever he drives past what used to be his favourite restaurant he feels ill. Describe what has caused his experience using the terms of classical conditioning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Carl has just had a bad experience...

Question 8

Which of the following is not a limitation of punishment?

Accepted Answer

A)  It can lead to alienation and attempts to escape. 
B)  It does not help people develop more desirable behaviours. 
C)  It must be applied frequently to be effective. 
D)  It can bring about aggression and hostility.

Question 9

Many psychologists feel ________ is best way to extinguish a problem behaviour.

Accepted Answer

A)  removing the rewarding consequences of undesirable behaviour 
B)  punishment 
C)  direct reinforcement 
D)  unconscious process training

Question 10

________ reinforcement is most effective in conditioning a new response; afterward ________ reinforcement is best for maintaining the response.

Accepted Answer

A)  Partial; partial 
B)  Partial; continuous 
C)  Continuous; continuous 
D)  Continuous; partial

Question 11

Mary has never liked the look of mushrooms. Every time she sees one she feels nauseous. She is showing evidence of a

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous extinction. 
B)  a taste aversion. 
C)  a fussiness problem. 
D)  an avoidance-learning problem.

Question 12

Pavlov found that about 20 pairings of the tone and the meat powder would result in a conditioned response where the tone alone could elicit the salivation response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Which of the following factors would least influence classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A)  the strength of the neutral stimulus 
B)  the number of pairings of the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus 
C)  how reliably the conditioned stimulus predicts the unconditioned stimulus 
D)  the intensity of the unconditioned stimulus

Question 14

Following extinction, if a conditioned stimulus is presented at a later time, it may again evoke a conditioned response. This phenomenon is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  stimulus discrimination. 
C)  blocking. 
D)  stimulus generalization.

Question 15

Both punishment and negative reinforcement are used to decrease the probability of a response.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

A procedure whereby subjects are given reinforcers for performing behaviours which get closer and closer to some target behaviour is called

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  tracing. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  flooding.

Question 17

Some alcoholics are given a drug called Antabuse, which reacts with alcohol to cause nausea and vomiting. The use of Antabuse to treat alcoholism is an application of

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus generalization. 
B)  higher-order conditioning. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  conditioned taste aversions.

Question 18

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the fear produced by the sight of the balloon is the

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response. 
B)  conditioned stimulus. 
C)  conditioned response. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus.

Question 19

Which element in classical conditioning is the learned signal?

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned stimulus 
B)  conditioned response 
C)  unconditioned stimulus 
D)  unconditioned response

Question 20

Morris fell from his bicycle and was badly bruised. Now, whenever he sees any bicycle, Morris becomes very anxious. Morris' anxiety can best be explained on the basis of

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization. 
B)  discrimination. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  extinction.

Exam 5: Learning

Summarize what the research on observational learning suggests about the relationship between violence on television and children's violence.

In a ________ schedule, the first correct response made after a specific time period has elapsed brings the reward.

In operant conditioning, the consequences of behaviour are manipulated to increase or decrease the frequency of a response or to shape an entirely new response.

Which of the following is true of a token economy?

Carrie fed her cat canned tuna that was opened with an electric can opener. Even when she was merely opening a can of corn, her cat responded physically as if it were about to be fed. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is the

The goal of both positive and negative reinforcement is to increase the probability of a response.

Carl has just had a bad experience in a restaurant. He found a piece of dirty cloth in his soup and now whenever he drives past what used to be his favourite restaurant he feels ill. Describe what has caused his experience using the terms of classical conditioning.

Which of the following is not a limitation of punishment?

Many psychologists feel ________ is best way to extinguish a problem behaviour.

reinforcement is most effective in conditioning a new response; afterward reinforcement is best for maintaining the response.

Mary has never liked the look of mushrooms. Every time she sees one she feels nauseous. She is showing evidence of a

Pavlov found that about 20 pairings of the tone and the meat powder would result in a conditioned response where the tone alone could elicit the salivation response.

Which of the following factors would least influence classical conditioning?

Following extinction, if a conditioned stimulus is presented at a later time, it may again evoke a conditioned response. This phenomenon is referred to as

Both punishment and negative reinforcement are used to decrease the probability of a response.

A procedure whereby subjects are given reinforcers for performing behaviours which get closer and closer to some target behaviour is called

Some alcoholics are given a drug called Antabuse, which reacts with alcohol to cause nausea and vomiting. The use of Antabuse to treat alcoholism is an application of

Two-year-old Rick was playing with a balloon when it burst and made an extremely loud noise, causing him to cry. Now, whenever Rick sees a balloon, he becomes frightened. In this situation, the fear produced by the sight of the balloon is the

Which element in classical conditioning is the learned signal?

Morris fell from his bicycle and was badly bruised. Now, whenever he sees any bicycle, Morris becomes very anxious. Morris' anxiety can best be explained on the basis of