Question 1

In Stroop's most famous experiment, a comparison was made between naming color patches and naming colors when they were printed with color-mismatched names. What was true about his design?

Accepted Answer

A) he used a reverse counterbalancing procedure 
B) participants were assigned to the two conditions via random assignment 
C) participants were matched to groups on the basis of their reading skills 
D) it was a multilevel, repeated-measures design

Question 2

A t test for dependent samples is used to compare experimental conditions in which of the following designs?

Accepted Answer

A) single-factor, matched groups design 
B) single-factor, independent groups design 
C) single-factor, repeated-measures design 
D) both alternatives a. and c.

Question 3

Which of the following empirical questions is most likely to be answered with a study using a placebo control?

Accepted Answer

A) Is psychoanalysis effective for agoraphobia? 
B) Can memory be improved with training? 
C) Are men less likely to ask directions than women? 
D) Will alcohol slow down reaction time?

Question 4

Of the studies described in the chapter, which most clearly illustrates the ability of a multilevel design to produce a nonlinear effect?

Accepted Answer

A) the Bransford and Johnson study on the effects of context on memory 
B) the Mozart effect study 
C) the study with shared experiences 
D) the Yerkes Dodson arousal-performance study

Question 5

Kroeger and colleagues (2007)examined the effects of a social skills training program in children with autism. The study included all of the following except

Accepted Answer

A) use of a double-blind procedure 
B) matching for autism functioning 
C) matching for social skills training 
D) interobserver reliability calculations

Question 6

A t test for independent samples is to a t test for dependent samples as ______ is to ______.

Accepted Answer

A) an independent groups design; a nonequivalent groups design 
B) a repeated-measures design; a matched groups design 
C) nonequivalent groups design; a repeated-measures design 
D) a matched groups design; a repeated-measures design

Question 7

Which of the independent variables would lead you to use a bar rather than a line graph?

Accepted Answer

A) political affiliation 
B) dosage level of a drug 
C) age 
D) delay time in giving reinforcement

Question 8

If a t test for dependent samples has been completed in a single factor study, you can be sure that

Accepted Answer

A) the independent variable has more than two levels 
B) the independent variable is a subject variable 
C) the independent variable only has two levels 
D) a Type I error is more likely than a Type II error

Question 9

In a yoked control group,

Accepted Answer

A) the exact sequence of events for each member of the group is planned ahead of time 
B) what happens to subjects depends on what happens to members of the experimental group 
C) participants in the experimental and control groups are always interacting with each other in some fashion 
D) subjects in the control group try to outperform those in the experimental group

Question 10

Mueller and Oppenheimer's (2014)laptop note-taking study included _____.

Accepted Answer

A) a matching variable (IQ scores) 
B) a subject variable 
C) random assignment 
D) repeated measures

Question 11

Plötner et al. (2015)examined the effects of the presence of other children in children's helping their teacher. They used a multilevel _____ design.

Accepted Answer

A) independent groups 
B) repeated measures 
C) matched groups 
D) nonequivalent groups

Question 12

If race/ethnicity is the independent variable in a single-factor design, it is likely that

Accepted Answer

A) it is a multilevel design 
B) repeated measures are involved 
C) the results will be portrayed in a line graph 
D) a t test for independent samples will be used

Question 13

In a study on the effects of caffeine on reaction time, one group of participants ingests two cups of coffee before being tested. A second group takes four cups, and a third group takes eight cups. Before the study, participants are asked about the average number of cups they drink per day and that information is used when assigning participants to groups. What is the design?

Accepted Answer

A) multilevel, matched groups 
B) independent groups, single factor 
C) repeated measures, multilevel 
D) multilevel, nonequivalent groups

Question 14

In research evaluating the effectiveness of a drug, participants in a placebo control group

Accepted Answer

A) are given the drug, but they don't think it is the drug 
B) are not given the drug, but think they are being given the drug 
C) both alternatives a. and b. are examples of placebo controls 
D) none of the above

Question 15

In Steele, Ball, and Runk's (1999)study of the "Mozart effect," the researchers used a multilevel, _______ design.

Accepted Answer

A) independent groups 
B) repeated measures 
C) matched groups 
D) nonequivalent groups

Question 16

In Steele, Ball, and Runk's (1999)study of the so-called Mozart effect, which of the following was true?

Accepted Answer

A) they used a multilevel, matched-groups design 
B) they used a complete counterbalancing procedure 
C) they found that listening to Mozart made it easier to recall digits 
D) there was no Mozart effect, but a significant practice effect occurred

Question 17

Kroeger and colleagues (2007)examined the effects of a social skills training program in children with autism. Which of the following was true about the study?

Accepted Answer

A) it was a multilevel, independent groups design 
B) two equivalent groups of children were created through a matching procedure 
C) they used complete rather than partial counterbalancing 
D) it was a single-factor, repeated-measures design

Question 18

Which of the following empirical questions is most likely to be answered with a study using a wait-list control group?

Accepted Answer

A) Is psychoanalysis effective for agoraphobia? 
B) Can memory be improved with training? 
C) Are men less likely to ask directions than women? 
D) Will alcohol slow down reaction time?

Question 19

The use of control groups has been criticized on ethical grounds because

Accepted Answer

A) those in control groups seldom have the opportunity to give informed consent 
B) control group participants aren't debriefed 
C) control group participants could be missing an effective therapy 
D) those in control groups, because they are still waiting for therapy, are more likely to have their privacy violated

Question 20

Which of the following studies used a single-factor, independent groups design?

Accepted Answer

A) Kroeger et al.'s study, which evaluated the effects of a social skills program for autism 
B) the study by Mueller and Oppenheimer, which compared groups taking two types of class notes 
C) Boothby et al.'s study comparing the effects of the shared experiences of eating chocolate or viewing art 
D) the study by McDonald and Flanagan, which examined the effects of traumatic brain injury on understanding social exchanges

Exam 7: Experimental Design I: Single-Factor Designs

In Stroop's most famous experiment, a comparison was made between naming color patches and naming colors when they were printed with color-mismatched names. What was true about his design?

A t test for dependent samples is used to compare experimental conditions in which of the following designs?

Which of the following empirical questions is most likely to be answered with a study using a placebo control?

Of the studies described in the chapter, which most clearly illustrates the ability of a multilevel design to produce a nonlinear effect?

Kroeger and colleagues (2007) examined the effects of a social skills training program in children with autism. The study included all of the following except

A t test for independent samples is to a t test for dependent samples as is to .

Which of the independent variables would lead you to use a bar rather than a line graph?

If a t test for dependent samples has been completed in a single factor study, you can be sure that

In a yoked control group,

Mueller and Oppenheimer's (2014) laptop note-taking study included _____.

Plötner et al. (2015) examined the effects of the presence of other children in children's helping their teacher. They used a multilevel _____ design.

If race/ethnicity is the independent variable in a single-factor design, it is likely that

In research evaluating the effectiveness of a drug, participants in a placebo control group

In Steele, Ball, and Runk's (1999) study of the "Mozart effect," the researchers used a multilevel, _______ design.

In Steele, Ball, and Runk's (1999) study of the so-called Mozart effect, which of the following was true?

Kroeger and colleagues (2007) examined the effects of a social skills training program in children with autism. Which of the following was true about the study?

Which of the following empirical questions is most likely to be answered with a study using a wait-list control group?

The use of control groups has been criticized on ethical grounds because

Which of the following studies used a single-factor, independent groups design?