Question 1

Reaching puberty earlier than fellow peers is associated with

Accepted Answer

A)  negative outcomes for girls but positive outcomes for boys. 
B)  reaching puberty earlier than fellow peers has no effect on outcomes for both boys and girls. 
C)  negative outcomes for both boys and girls. 
D)  positive outcomes for both boys and girls. 
E)  negative outcomes for boys but positive outcomes for girls.

Question 2

Reaching puberty earlier than fellow peers is associated with:

Accepted Answer

A)  positive outcomes for both boys and girls. 
B)  negative outcomes for girls but positive outcomes for boys. 
C)  negative outcomes for boys but positive outcomes for girls. 
D)  negative outcomes for both boys and girls.

Question 3

Which of the following statements regarding the potential impact of daycare is most accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  Children who receive daycare are much more likely to be classified as anxious-avoidant in the Strange Situation Test procedure. 
B)  Children from middle- and upper-income homes appear to be more affected by the quality of daycare than do children from lower-income homes. 
C)  Children who receive daycare are much more likely to be classified as anxious-resistant in the Strange Situation Test procedure. 
D)  Except when several negative factors are combined, daycare appears to have little or no effect on the quality of infants' attachments to their parents.

Question 4

Parents often like to dress little girls in pink clothes and little boys in blue clothes. While seemingly inconsequential, this actually is a clear example of

Accepted Answer

A)  the personal fable. 
B)  gender indulgence. 
C)  sex-typing. 
D)  sexual identity. 
E)  gender consistency.

Question 5

Benoit and Parker's longitudinal study on Canadian infants, their mothers, and their grandmothers found 88% agreement in maternal attachment classification of mothers and their infants, and 65% agreement across the three generations. Given that a disproportionate number of adults with various behavioural problems (including criminal behaviour) have histories of insecure attachment, the results of Benoit and Parker's study suggests that:

Accepted Answer

A)  there is no pattern of attachment that is passed from generation to generation. 
B)  insecure maternal attachment results in behavioural problems in adulthood. 
C)  insecure maternal attachment results in parenting styles that lead to insecure maternal attachments in children. 
D)  the patterns of attachment are passed on from one generation to the next.

Question 6

Concepts such as the personal fable and the imaginary audience are both assumed to be related to:

Accepted Answer

A)  sex-role stereotypes. 
B)  object permanence. 
C)  adolescent egocentrism. 
D)  sex-typing.

Question 7

Studies examining newborn infants' visual preferences suggest that an infant would be most interested in:

Accepted Answer

A)  a white circle. 
B)  a circle with a complex pattern inside of it. 
C)  a black circle. 
D)  a circle with a simple pattern inside of it.

Question 8

Imagine that a young child fails to show object permanence when tested for cognitive development. According to Piaget, this child is in the

Accepted Answer

A)  concrete operational stage 
B)  formal operational stage 
C)  proximal stage 
D)  preoperational stage 
E)  sensorimotor stage

Question 9

Recent research on Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development has concluded all of the following EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

A)  even in adulthood, postconventional reasoning is relatively uncommon. 
B)  children's different moral judgments are consistent within the stage that they are in. 
C)  from childhood through adolescence, moral reasoning changes from preconventional to conventional levels. 
D)  evidence for a gender bias in the stages is mixed.

Question 10

Professor Lee is interested in the cognitive development of children. So she compares the problem solving strategies of a group of six-year olds with those of a group of twelve-year olds. Professor Lee's research uses a

Accepted Answer

A)  longitudinal design 
B)  sequential design 
C)  stage design 
D)  random design 
E)  cross-sectional design

Question 11

Research has demonstrated that while the learning mechanisms of habituation and classical conditioning are operating at birth, the mechanism of operant conditioning is a later development in human infants.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In his model of psychosocial development, Erik Erikson proposed that personality is

Accepted Answer

A)  predetermined by innate temperaments that are apparent at birth. 
B)  determined by meeting a hierarchy of needs. 
C)  shaped exclusively by the child's type of attachment. 
D)  shaped by the zone of proximal development. 
E)  shaped by the resolution of a series of psychosocial crises.

Question 13

You suspect that a young child is in Piaget's preoperational stage. Which of the following would you look for to confirm your suspicion?

Accepted Answer

A)  a lack of object permanence 
B)  the ability to think abstractly and form hypotheses 
C)  success at a conservation task 
D)  failure with the three-mountain problem 
E)  evidence of proximal development

Question 14

Bowlby's discriminate phase typically begins around 3 months of age and during it, the infant tends to direct his/her attachment behaviour towards _.

Accepted Answer

A)  familiar objects 
B)  unfamiliar caregivers 
C)  siblings 
D)  familiar caregivers

Question 15

Your grandmother is just about to have her 77th birthday. According to results from studies examining the information-processing changes that occur with age, which of the following areas would you expect to be least impaired by the process of aging?

Accepted Answer

A)  memory for familiar information 
B)  memory for new information 
C)  recall memory 
D)  speed of processing

Question 16

Reghan is a smiley, easygoing baby. She has a regular routine and bedtime. According to the research of Thomas and Chess, which of the following temperaments would most likely be reported for Reghan?

Accepted Answer

A)  a slow-to-warm-up temperament 
B)  an easy temperament 
C)  a secure temperament 
D)  a balanced temperament

Question 17

Imagine that a young child is able to show conservation on a test of cognitive development. However, she has difficulty with hypothetical problem solving and abstract reasoning. According to Piaget, this child is in the

Accepted Answer

A)  formal operational stage 
B)  sensorimotor stage 
C)  preoperational stage 
D)  concrete operational stage 
E)  proximal stage

Question 18

In his model of psychosocial development, Erik Erikson proposed that personality:

Accepted Answer

A)  is not fixed and is free to vary across a lifetime. 
B)  is fixed by the time a child is 5 years old. 
C)  is fixed by the time a child reaches adolescence. 
D)  is predetermined by innate temperaments.

Question 19

What do studies indicate about the risks associated with retirement?

Accepted Answer

A)  There are no risks associated with retirement specifically, but rather due to poor mental or physical health 
B)  Most people who retire are likely to become anxious, depressed, or lonely 
C)  The risks are due to adults being forced to recognize that they are getting older 
D)  The risks associated with retirement are usually due to individuals being forced to retire, as opposed to those who choose to retire

Question 20

Studies examining the intellectual changes associated with aging have found that:

Accepted Answer

A)  physical exercise appears to slow these changes, but intellectual activity does not. 
B)  intellectual activity appears to slow these changes, but physical exercise does not. 
C)  both physical exercise and intellectual activity appear to slow these changes. 
D)  neither physical exercise nor intellectual activity appear to slow these changes.

Exam 12: Development Over the Lifespan