Question 1

Describe how attributions related to incremental and entity views of ability change during the transition from the preschool years to the end of the elementary-school years.

Accepted Answer

During the preschool years, children tend to have more of an entity view of ability, meaning they believe that their abilities are fixed and cannot be changed. This is because they are still developing their understanding of the world and their own capabilities. As they transition into the elementary-school years, their attributions related to ability start to shift towards an incremental view. This means that they begin to understand that their abilities can be developed and improved through effort and practice.

This change is influenced by their experiences in school and interactions with peers and adults. As they encounter challenges and successes, they start to realize that their abilities are not set in stone and that they have the power to improve and grow. They also start to compare themselves to others and recognize that different people have different strengths and weaknesses.

By the end of the elementary-school years, children are more likely to have an incremental view of ability, understanding that their efforts and perseverance can lead to improvement. They are also more likely to attribute their successes and failures to their own actions and choices, rather than external factors. Overall, the transition from preschool to the end of the elementary-school years marks a significant shift in children's understanding of ability and their attributions for their own performance.

Question 2

Jade is trying to get two pieces of a puzzle to fit together.She works on it for several minutes,and when she succeeds,she quickly looks up at her mother and says "Look,Mommy." Based on this information,approximately how old is Jade?

Accepted Answer

A)   18 months
B)   2 years
C)   3 years
D)   5 years B

Question 3

During adolescence new dimensions of global self-esteem affect the self-appraisals of males and females in different ways.Identify and describe the factors associated with high and low self-esteem in both adolescent males and females.

Accepted Answer

Answers will vary.

Question 4

On average,mirror self-recognition typically emerges at the same age regardless of culture.What does this imply about self-recognition?

Accepted Answer

A)   It develops through experience with mirrors as objects.
B)   It develops from learning the affordances of mirrors.
C)   It develops due to maturational processes.
D)   It develops due to nonegocentric thought.

Question 5

Give a detailed description of Harter's hierarchical model of self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give a detailed description of Harter's hierarchical...

Question 6

Describe how parents and peers can influence self-esteem in children and adolescents.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe how parents and peers can influence...

Question 7

Both of Joanna's parents are high school teachers and two of her aunts are college instructors.For as long as she can remember,Joanna has wanted to be a teacher too.Based on this description,which phase of identity formation best characterizes Joanna's attitude?

Accepted Answer

A)   diffusion
B)   moratorium
C)   foreclosure
D)   postponement

Question 8

Discuss the evidence for and against the notion that newborns have a rudimentary sense of self.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the evidence for and against the...

Question 9

What goals are usually expressed by a person in the state of identity foreclosure?

Accepted Answer

A)   those adopted from others
B)   those arrived at independently
C)   those that are short term
D)   those adopted after a long period of self-reflection

Question 10

Which of the following is an unstable external cause for an achievement outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)   effort
B)   ability
C)   context
D)   luck

Question 11

According to Selman,what do children believe about others during the stage of social-informational role taking?

Accepted Answer

A)   Even when others have received the same information as they have, others may have a different perspective.
B)   Others will always share their perspective.
C)   Perspectives differ only when the others have received different information than they have.
D)   All persons' perspectives match the view of the majority of the individuals within a group.

Question 12

In comparison with teenagers' friendships,what characterizes those of younger children?

Accepted Answer

A)   They are based on common activities.
B)   They have greater stability and last longer.
C)   They are built on mutual reciprocity.
D)   They are based on emotional support.

Question 13

Barenboim studied the descriptions that children provided of other people.According to that research,which of the following best captures the changes to the descriptions children use after 6 years of age?

Accepted Answer

A)   Behavioural comparisons increased, and then they declined rapidly after age 9.
B)   Psychological constructs increased, and then they declined rapidly after age 9.
C)   Psychological comparisons declined steadily, and continued to decline after age 9.
D)   Behavioural comparisons initially declined, and then they increased sharply after age 9.

Question 14

What do many developmentalists,such as Meltzoff,believe about the sense of self at birth?

Accepted Answer

A)   It is rudimentary.
B)   It is advanced relative to motor skills.
C)   It is not present at all.
D)   It is present as self-recognition.

Question 15

According to the research of Berndt and Perry,when adolescents reach stage 3 or 4 of Selman's stages of social perspective taking,their notions of friendship change.At this point,what do adolescents believe is an important aspect of friendship?

Accepted Answer

A)   the exchange of intimate thoughts and feelings
B)   reciprocation of good deeds
C)   psychological similarity between friends
D)   an interest in common activities

Question 16

According to Barenboim's research findings,what changes occur in children's descriptions of others between the ages of 8 and 11?

Accepted Answer

A)   Behavioural comparisons increase.
B)   Psychological constructs increase.
C)   Behavioural constructs decrease.
D)   Psychological comparisons increase.

Question 17

Dweck and associates had an adult respond to Grade 5 students' failures at an anagram task by either criticizing their low effort or their low ability on this task.How did these two different implied attributions affect the children's future attributions for their performance?

Accepted Answer

A)   The children's attribution regarding later failures remained the same regardless of the type of feedback that they received.
B)   Children told to work harder improved and attributed failures to lack of effort, an attribution associated with a mastery pattern.
C)   Children told to work harder later attributed failures to lack of effort, an attribution associated with a helplessness pattern.
D)   Those hearing comments that focused on their incorrect solutions later attributed failure to lack of ability, an attribution associated with a mastery pattern.

Question 18

Felix received a D on his most recent term paper,and he doesn't think his grade is fair.Although his paper was not as good as most of the other students' papers in the class,he feels he deserves a better grade because he worked hard.Based on this description,Felix's emphasis on his perceived effort reflects which view of ability?

Accepted Answer

A)   entity
B)   approval-seeking
C)   incremental
D)   mastery

Question 19

Identify and describe the four identity statuses as originally described by James Marcia.Give an example to illustrate each of your descriptions.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify and describe the four identity statuses...

Question 20

Which of the following adult comments would most likely result in children persisting at a task even though they are making errors?

Accepted Answer

A)   "Your performance will be compared to others."
B)   "You will make errors and the goal is to improve."
C)   "Your goal is to demonstrate your ability."
D)   "Your goal is to demonstrate your weaknesses."

Exam 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition