Question 1

What characterizes the parental behaviour of those children who show a high need to achieve?

Accepted Answer

A)  They set high standards and give praise for success. 
B)  They offer only tangible rewards for successes. 
C)  They are very critical of any failure. 
D)  They are highly controlling and closely monitor academic progress.

Question 2

According to Selman's stages of social perspective taking,when a child is able to assume the perspective of a disinterested third party and anticipate how each participant will react,which stage of role taking has the child reached?

Accepted Answer

A)  mutual 
B)  social informational 
C)  self-reflective 
D)  societal

Question 3

During which achievement phase do children show evidence of pride in their achievements?

Accepted Answer

A)  approval-seeking 
B)  accomplishment 
C)  use-of-standards 
D)  mastery-seeking

Question 4

Which type of mastery motivation are children demonstrating when they first seek recognition after mastering a challenging task?

Accepted Answer

A)  use-of-standards 
B)  approval-seeking 
C)  self-motivation 
D)  joy-in-mastery

Question 5

Which identity status is associated with the highest self-esteem?

Accepted Answer

A)  achievement 
B)  moratorium 
C)  foreclosure 
D)  diffusion

Question 6

Eder studied children's self-concepts by asking them to choose between two descriptive statements.Do her findings support those obtained using the method of self-description?

Accepted Answer

A)  yes, self-description provides a good estimate of self-concept for children of all ages 
B)  no, self-description overestimates the understanding that younger children have of their own characteristics 
C)  no, self-description underestimates the understanding that younger children have of their own characteristics 
D)  partially; self-description provides a good estimate of self-concept only in elementary school-aged children

Question 7

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding identity status as evaluated within the area of religious values?

Accepted Answer

A)  It is a universal human behaviour. 
B)  It is uneven and culturally specific. 
C)  It is sexually dimorphic in all cultures. 
D)  It is achieved after considerable stress to the individual.

Question 8

Describe four different types of achievement attributions that might be made for success or failure.In addition,indicate whether each involves a stable or unstable factor,and an internal or external cause for the attribution.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe four different types of achievement attributions...

Question 9

Which type of self is most dependent on the development of autobiographical memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  categorical 
B)  extended 
C)  personal 
D)  internal

Question 10

Jessa is usually happy at school but she is always sad when she is at home with her parents.Despite these inconsistencies,she makes an extra effort to pretend to be happy whenever she is with her parents.How would a developmentalist view Jessa's change in behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A)  as false-self behaviour 
B)  as positive self-esteem 
C)  as a perceptual falsehood 
D)  as a behavioural comparison

Question 11

According to Weiner,which of the following patterns of causal attribution for successes and failures characterizes high achievers?

Accepted Answer

A)  They attribute successes to stable, internal factors, and failures to unstable, external factors. 
B)  They attribute successes to stable, external factors, and failures to stable, internal factors. 
C)  They attribute successes to unstable, internal factors, and failures to stable, external factors. 
D)  They attribute successes to unstable, external factors, and failures to unstable, internal factors.

Question 12

Which of the following teacher comments would be most likely to encourage a child to exert more effort on a task rather than to give up?

Accepted Answer

A)  "You're not very good at this, are you?" 
B)  "I bet you just need to give more time to these assignments." 
C)  "Luck sure was on your side this time." 
D)  "You seem to be having trouble with these assignments; let me help you."

Question 13

Children who have achieved concrete operational thinking are also likely to be categorized as being in which of Selman's stages of perspective taking?

Accepted Answer

A)  0 or 1 
B)  1 or 2 
C)  2 or 3 
D)  3 or 4

Question 14

Which of the following is the best description of what developmentalists refer to as false-self behaviour?

Accepted Answer

A)  acting out of character to decrease one's acceptance by parents 
B)  acting out of character to improve one's acceptance by peers 
C)  being confused by one's feelings of changing self-concept 
D)  being made uncomfortable by one's feelings of changing self-concept

Question 15

Which of the following best characterizes children's behaviour during the joy-in-mastery phase of achievement?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are pleased to master challenges, but they do not seek attention when they succeed and they are not bothered by failures. 
B)  They seek recognition when they master challenges and expect disapproval when they fail. 
C)  They begin to react independently to their success and failures, and show pride following successes and shame following failure. 
D)  They show strong persistence at tasks in which they have previously been unsuccessful.

Question 16

Which of the following is true with respect to suicide during adolescence?

Accepted Answer

A)  Boys make more suicide attempts than girls, and are rarely successful. 
B)  Girls make more suicide attempts than boys, and are rarely successful. 
C)  Boys attempt suicide less often than girls, but when they do, they are more likely to be successful. 
D)  Girls attempt suicide less often than boys, but when they do, they are more likely to be successful.

Question 17

Despite being warm and loving,why are permissive parents more likely to have children who are low in academic achievement?

Accepted Answer

A)  They grant too much autonomy and little monitoring of children's progress. 
B)  They do not allow children to discover their own solutions to problems. 
C)  They are not sufficiently critical of failures. 
D)  They set high standards and praise accomplishments.

Question 18

Which of the following is an unstable internal cause for an achievement outcome?

Accepted Answer

A)  effort 
B)  ability 
C)  context 
D)  luck

Question 19

According to Harter and Monsour,what is the basis for the integration and understanding of self-inconsistencies?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive abilities achieved during the concrete-operational stage 
B)  biological factors associated with puberty 
C)  cognitive abilities achieved during the formal-operational stage 
D)  psychological factors such as ego integration

Question 20

Which parenting style is typical of parents whose children are high achieving and successful?

Accepted Answer

A)  authoritative 
B)  uninvolved 
C)  permissive 
D)  authoritarian

Exam 13: Development of the Self and Social Cognition