Question 1

In the context of neural basis of perceptual interpolation, von der Heydt et al. (1984) conducted experiments with monkeys to record the responses of single neurons in area V2. The figure shows four stimuli and four response patterns for neurons in area V2. These recordings suggest that there is a neural basis for the representation of:

Accepted Answer

A)   illusory contours.
B)   image clutter.
C)   variable views.
D)   surfaces. A

Question 2

In the context of object recognition, _____ makes use of mathematical probabilities to describe the process of perceptual inference.

Accepted Answer

A)   the Bayesian approach
B)   the Helmholtzian theory
C)   the Kanizsa triangle
D)   Harrower's principle of symmetry A

Question 3

List the steps involved in perceptual organization.

Accepted Answer

Perceptual organization involves the following steps:
A. Represent edges-abrupt, elongated changes in brightness and/or color.
B. Represent uniform regions bounded by edges.
C. Divide these regions into figure and ground, and assign border ownership.
D. Group together regions that have similar properties (e.g., color). Groups consisting of "figure" regions are represented as candidate objects; other groups of regions are represented as background.
E. Fill in missing edges and surfaces-that is, edges and surfaces that are partly occluded-to obtain more complete representations of candidate objects.

Question 4

The German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz (1866/1925) spoke of vision as a process of:

Accepted Answer

A)   conscious deduction.
B)   preconscious prediction.
C)   unconscious inference.
D)   post-conscious detection.

Question 5

_____ is the process by which the visual system determines the location, orientation, and curvature of visual borders in the retinal image.

Accepted Answer

A)   Perceptual grouping
B)   Border ownership
C)   Perceptual interpolation
D)   Edge extraction

Question 6

Describe modular coding in the context of object recognition. Provide evidence to support this view of object recognition.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe modular coding in the context of...

Question 7

An important problem in understanding object recognition is understanding how invariance is achieved. Explain the two approaches to this problem that have been proposed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An important problem in understanding object recognition...

Question 8

The process by which the visual system fills in hidden edges and surfaces in order to represent the entirety of a partially visible object is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   figure-ground perception.
B)   border ownership.
C)   perceptual grouping.
D)   perceptual interpolation.

Question 9

The responses of individual neurons in the medial temporal lobes of epilepsy patients who were undergoing single-neuron recording as part of their treatment (Quiroga et al., 2005) support:

Accepted Answer

A)   modular coding.
B)   distributed coding.
C)   the recognition by components model for object recognition.
D)   the presence of a type of grandmother cell in the brain.

Question 10

Describe eigenfaces. How do they help in automatic face recognition?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe eigenfaces. How do they help in...

Question 11

_____ refers to the perception that an edge is possessed by a particular region of the retinal image.

Accepted Answer

A)   Perceptual grouping
B)   Border ownership
C)   Perceptual interpolation
D)   Figure-ground perception

Question 12

_____ refers to the fact that the world contains an enormous diversity of objects.

Accepted Answer

A)   Image clutter
B)   Object variety
C)   Heuristics
D)   Prosopagnosia

Question 13

The process by which the visual system combines separate regions of the retinal image that "go together" based on similar properties is called:

Accepted Answer

A)   perceptual grouping.
B)   border ownership.
C)   perceptual interpolation.
D)   figure-ground perception.

Question 14

In the context of object recognition, describe a study that shows that the gist of a scene and the objects within the scene are processed together.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the context of object recognition, describe...

Question 15

In the context of modular and distributed representations, the _____ area in the ventral visual pathway is activated by _____.

Accepted Answer

A)   extrastriate body; faces
B)   extrastriate body; buildings and outdoor scenes
C)   parahippocampal place; human and animal bodies
D)   parahippocampal place; buildings and outdoor scenes

Question 16

According to the Danish psychologist Edgar Rubin (1921/2001), when there is an ambiguity of border ownership for images with black and white regions, the border between the two regions is perceived as belonging to:

Accepted Answer

A)   the white region only.
B)   the black region only.
C)   one region or the other.
D)   both the regions simultaneously.

Question 17

Discuss the three complications that arise during the analysis of object recognition.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the three complications that arise during...

Question 18

In the context of shape representation in V4, individual neurons in area V4 respond MOST strongly to edges that can be more complex than those in V1 when:

Accepted Answer

A)   the edges are straight or curved.
B)   the contour with the preferred orientation is at any angular position.
C)   an edge with its preferred curvature is different across a range of locations of the edge within the retinal image.
D)   an edge with its preferred orientation is different across a range of locations of the edge within the retinal image.

Question 19

According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, the principle of _____ states that elements that move in unison are likely to be perceptually grouped.

Accepted Answer

A)   proximity
B)   similarity
C)   common motion
D)   symmetry and parallelism

Question 20

Describe the ways in which individual neurons in area V4 respond most strongly to edges that can be more complex than individual neurons in area V1.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the ways in which individual neurons...

Exam 4: Recognizing Visual Objects