Question 1

According to fMRI experiments that measured activity in the human brain as subjects viewed alternating 30-second sequences of faces versus other types of objects (Kanwisher et al., 1997), a region of the IT cortex responded more vigorously to:

Accepted Answer

A)  intact faces. 
B)  scrambled faces. 
C)  houses. 
D)  different objects.

Question 2

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a ground is more likely to be perceived in regions:

Accepted Answer

A)  with symmetrical borders. 
B)  with concave borders. 
C)  that are completely surrounded by another region. 
D)  that are perceived to be in front of another region.

Question 3

An individual views a scene through venetian blinds. The horizontal slats give a highly fragmented view of the scene beyond it, yet the scene is effortlessly perceived as a continuous whole, along with the objects in it. Explain why it is possible to view the scene as a unified whole, rather than a series of disconnected rectangular shapes.

Accepted Answer

The answer of An individual views a scene through venetian...

Question 4

According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, the principle of _____ states that elements that are alike tend to group together.

Accepted Answer

A)  proximity 
B)  similarity 
C)  common motion 
D)  symmetry and parallelism

Question 5

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a region with symmetrical borders is more likely to be seen as a _____, and a region with convex (outward-bulging) borders is more likely to be perceived as a _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  figure; figure 
B)  ground; figure 
C)  figure; ground 
D)  ground; ground

Question 6

Top-down information flow MOST clearly involves:

Accepted Answer

A)  variable views. 
B)  flow from lower to higher regions of the visual hierarchy. 
C)  the perceiver's goals. 
D)  image clutter.

Question 7

According to the principles of figure-ground organization, a region that corresponds to object shapes stored in memory is likely to be perceived as _____, and a region that is asymmetrical is likely to be perceived as _____.

Accepted Answer

A)  figure; ground 
B)  ground; figure 
C)  figure; figure 
D)  ground; ground

Question 8

_____ is the first area of the visual cortex that belongs exclusively to the ventral visual pathway.

Accepted Answer

A)  V1 
B)  V2 
C)  V4 
D)  IT

Question 9

Perceptual organization, a part of the perceptual process, does NOT:

Accepted Answer

A)  represent uniform regions bounded by edges. 
B)  group together regions that have similar properties. 
C)  use higher-level processes to represent objects fully enough to recognize them. 
D)  fill in missing edges and surfaces to obtain more complete representations of candidate objects.

Question 10

According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, the principle of _____ states that two edges that would meet if extended are perceived as a single edge that has been partially occluded.

Accepted Answer

A)  common motion 
B)  proximity 
C)  symmetry and parallelism 
D)  good continuation

Question 11

_____, a complication in the analysis of object recognition, refers to a characteristic of visual scenes in which many objects are scattered in 3-D space, with partial occlusion of various parts of objects by other objects.

Accepted Answer

A)  Image clutter 
B)  Object variety 
C)  Topographic agnosia 
D)  Prosopagnosia

Question 12

_____ uses eigenfaces, which are face images generated from a set of digital images of human faces taken under the same lighting conditions, normalized to line up the eyes and mouths, and rendered with the same spatial resolution.

Accepted Answer

A)  A feature-based approach 
B)  A holistic approach 
C)  The fusiform face area 
D)  The extrastriate body area

Question 13

When watching a soccer game, people perceptually place all the players wearing blue in one group and those wearing white in a separate group. According to the principles of perceptual grouping clarified by the Gestalt psychologists, this illustrates the principle of:

Accepted Answer

A)  proximity. 
B)  similarity. 
C)  common motion. 
D)  symmetry.

Question 14

Using heuristics to guide the interpretation of a retinal image based on knowledge of physical regularities in the world is called:

Accepted Answer

A)  edge extraction. 
B)  surface completion. 
C)  perceptual inference. 
D)  border ownership.

Question 15

In the context of object recognition, the recognition by components model proposes that:

Accepted Answer

A)  recognizing an object depends on first identifying its different stored representations. 
B)  each representation of an object corresponds to a different possible view of the object. 
C)  recognizing an object depends on first identifying its basic 3-D shapes. 
D)  the primitive geometrical components of an object are compared to all its stored representations simultaneously.

Question 16

Explain the results of an fMRI study in which people viewed images of houses, faces, and chairs (Ishai et al., 1999), which suggested that the representation of a viewed object is both modular and distributed.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain the results of an fMRI study...

Question 17

In the context of neural basis of perceptual grouping, Gray et al. (1989) studied synchronized neural oscillations by recording the responses of pairs of neurons with the same orientation preference in the primary visual cortex of an anesthetized cat. The results showed that:

Accepted Answer

A)  the neural oscillations were strongly synchronized when both receptive fields were stimulated by a single long bar. 
B)  there was no synchronization of the neural oscillations when two separate bars of light moved in the same direction across receptive fields. 
C)  the neural oscillations were strongly synchronized when two separate bars of light moved in opposite directions across receptive fields. 
D)  there was no synchronization of the neural oscillations when both receptive fields were stimulated either with a single bar or with two separate bars.

Question 18

In the context of neural basis of border ownership assignment in humans, Fang et al. (2009) conducted an fMRI experiment. In the experiment, the participants viewed two pinwheel-like patterns with elongated light and dark wedges. The results of this experiment demonstrated that the neurons in _____ play a role in border assignment.

Accepted Answer

A)  area V1 
B)  area V2 
C)  area V4 
D)  the IT cortex area

Question 19

During an fMRI study conducted by Haxby et al. (2001), people were shown photographs of seven different categories of objects (faces, houses, chairs, bottles, shoes, scissors, and cats), as well as photographs of scrambled images. The researchers found that, by analyzing the spatial distribution of cortical activity within a large swath of the IT cortex, they could:

Accepted Answer

A)  perceive regions with convex borders as grounds. 
B)  predict the object category being viewed with 95 percent accuracy. 
C)  determine the location, orientation, and curvature of edges in the retinal image of objects. 
D)  perceive two edges that would meet if extended as a single edge that has been partially occluded.

Question 20

In the context of object recognition, the approach that is based on the idea that objects are represented in a view-specific manner states that:

Accepted Answer

A)  multiple representations are stored in the memory for any given object. 
B)  recognition of an object depends on first identifying its primitive geometric components. 
C)  representation of an object involves specifying its parts and their spatial relationships. 
D)  a single representation is stored in the memory for any given object.

Exam 4: Recognizing Visual Objects

According to fMRI experiments that measured activity in the human brain as subjects viewed alternating 30-second sequences of faces versus other types of objects (Kanwisher et al., 1997) , a region of the IT cortex responded more vigorously to: