Question 1

If you are interested in whether gift recipients prefer gifts that they requested or gifts that were chosen for them, you will learn little by making haphazard observations of gift-giving at family birthday parties.To be of value, your observations must be planned and

Accepted Answer

A)  ​intuitive. 
B)  ​systematic. 
C)  ​introspective. 
D)  ​dynamic.

Question 2

Which psychology has gained prominence in recent years as researchers have devised ways to objectively study covert behaviors, such as thinking, memory, language, problem-solving, consciousness, and creativity?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive psychology 
B)  psychodynamic psychology 
C)  structuralism 
D)  humanistic psychology

Question 3

In a study of effects of alcohol on driving ability, the control group should be given

Accepted Answer

A)  a high dosage of alcohol. 
B)  one-half the dosage given the experimental group. 
C)  a driving test before and after drinking alcohol. 
D)  no alcohol at all.

Question 4

Skinner's view of psychology has led to some criticism of his tendency to

Accepted Answer

A)  believe mental events, such as thinking, are not needed to explain behavior. 
B)  rely too heavily on introspection. 
C)  favor punishment over reinforcement as a means of controlling behavior. 
D)  disregard the use of lower animals in studying human behavior.

Question 5

Biopsychologists and others who study the brain and nervous system, such as biologists and biochemists, form the broader field of

Accepted Answer

A)  evolutionary psychology. 
B)  cognitive science. 
C)  neuroscience. 
D)  ethnology.

Question 6

Edward Titchener called Wundt's ideas structuralism because he tried to analyze the structure of mental life into

Accepted Answer

A)  archetypes. 
B)  behavioral principles. 
C)  five stages of "psychosexual" development. 
D)  basic "elements" or "building blocks."

Question 7

Dr.Sartus is interested in how conditioning is involved in the development of superstitious behavior.Dr.Sartus' area of specialization in psychology is

Accepted Answer

A)  learning. 
B)  sensation and perception. 
C)  comparative psychology. 
D)  biopsychology.

Question 8

In 1901, Karl Marbe, a student of Wundt, asked trained introspectionists to introspect while they compared two objects of different weights, holding one in each hand.They could clearly describe their experiences of each weight and which one was heavier, but they could not describe the mental process of judging which one was heavier.Marbe called this experience

Accepted Answer

A)  reflexive thought. 
B)  ​imageless thought. 
C)  ​divergent thinking. 
D)  ​the dynamic consciousness.

Question 9

To minimize changes in subjects' behavior caused by the unintended influence of an experimenter's actions, one would use a(n)__________ experiment.

Accepted Answer

The answer of To minimize changes in subjects' behavior caused...

Question 10

Those who label themselves as "applied researchers" do all of the following EXCEPT

Accepted Answer

A)  seek information for which practical uses are planned. 
B)  conduct research to find solutions to specific problems. 
C)  gain information that can be readily used in everyday situations. 
D)  seek knowledge for its own sake.

Question 11

A researcher wants to find out if taking a new antidepressant drug will decrease the symptoms of subjects suffering from social anxiety.The number of symptoms exhibited by the subjects would be the __________ variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  independent 
B)  dependent 
C)  extraneous 
D)  control

Question 12

In describing how a person arrives at a decision, a psychology professor explains to his class that "the mind is very much like a computer and that decision-making involves input, processing, storage, and output." This professor is emphasizing which view of behavior?

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive 
B)  behaviorist 
C)  humanistic 
D)  psychodynamic

Question 13

Wundt's ideas were carried to the United States by Edward Titchener with these ideas forming the school of thought known as

Accepted Answer

A)  structuralism. 
B)  functionalism. 
C)  humanism. 
D)  behaviorism.

Question 14

Psychology is distinguished from other fields, such as history, law, art, and business, because of its reliance on

Accepted Answer

A)  ​commonsense to understand and solve human problems. 
B)  ​subjective analysis to answer questions about the mind and behavior. 
C)  ​objective scientific observation to systematically answer questions about behavior. 
D)  ​introspection to understand the cognitive unconscious.

Question 15

When a teacher underestimates the abilities of the ethnic minority children in her classroom and the children exhibit a lower performance based on these expectations, a self-fulfilling prophecy has occurred.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 16

Explain and provide an example of how the predominance of early Caucasian male psychologists inadvertently introduced a narrowness into psychological theory; provide two examples of other types of bias in research besides gender and the effects of these biases; and describe how these problems of bias can be solved.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Explain and provide an example of how...

Question 17

If students who complete a study skills course raised their grade point averages, can we conclude that the course caused their improvement?

Accepted Answer

A)  Yes, because the scientific data was collected. 
B)  Yes, because a negative correlation exists between these students' grade point averages before and after taking the course. 
C)  Yes, because the course resulted in a self-fulfilling prophecy. 
D)  No, because there was no control group.

Question 18

A police officer expecting criminal behavior shoots a person who is reaching for his wallet because he perceives the suspect as reaching for a gun.This is a dangerous example of the

Accepted Answer

A)  anthropomorphic error. 
B)  placebo effect. 
C)  observer bias. 
D)  observer effect.

Question 19

Suppose you want to find out if using smart glasses while driving a car affects the likelihood of having an accident.One's familiarity with the car used in the experiment would be a(n)__________variable.

Accepted Answer

A)  independent 
B)  control 
C)  extraneous 
D)  dependent

Question 20

Which psychologist realized that he could study the overt behavior of animals by simply observing the relationship between stimuli and an animal's responses?

Accepted Answer

A)  John B.Watson 
B)  Wilhelm Wundt 
C)  Abraham Maslow 
D)  Max Wertheimer

Exam 1: Psychology, Critical Thinking, and Science