Question 1

When Adam observed his sister being scolded after she hit another child, Adam also discontinued hitting other children. This best illustrates the impact of

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  vicarious punishment. 
C)  instinctive drift. 
D)  intrinsic motivation.

Question 2

Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine

Accepted Answer

A)  latent learning. 
B)  intrinsic motivation. 
C)  spontaneous recovery. 
D)  generalization.

Question 3

Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who

Accepted Answer

A)  consistently used reinforcement in combination with punishment to shape their children's moral behavior. 
B)  modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern. 
C)  consistently used psychological punishment rather than physical punishment in shaping their children's behavior. 
D)  consistently explained to their children the harsh consequences of immoral behavior.

Question 4

Tennis instruction that reinforces soft, short lobs over the net before attempting to reinforce hard, long, cross-court hits best illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  modeling. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  delayed reinforcement.

Question 5

Professor Kingston emphasizes that learned fears reflect the interacting influences of a person's inborn emotional reactivity, family life history, and capacity to generalize from previous experiences. The professor's emphasis best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  behaviorism. 
B)  the law of effect. 
C)  prosocial behavior. 
D)  a biopsychosocial approach.

Question 6

Sandy finds it harder to frown when watching her brother smile than when seeing him frown. Scientists are currently debating whether this can be attributed to the activation of

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  extrinsic motives. 
C)  mirror neurons. 
D)  cognitive maps.

Question 7

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed. At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing. The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open. Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval

Question 8

Respondent behavior is a(n) ________ response, whereas operant behavior is a(n) ________ response.

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned; unconditioned 
B)  conscious; unconscious 
C)  punishing; rewarding 
D)  automatic; voluntary

Question 9

Copying an adult, young children will wave a stick over a box and then use the stick to push on a knob that opens the box when all they needed to do to open the box was to pull on the knob. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  partial reinforcement. 
C)  overimitation. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 10

In classical conditioning, an organism forms associations between

Accepted Answer

A)  mirror neurons. 
B)  events that it does not control. 
C)  primary and secondary reinforcers. 
D)  its own behavior and resulting outcomes.

Question 11

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  secondary reinforcement. 
D)  shaping.

Question 12

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

Accepted Answer

A)  observable behavior. 
B)  cognitive processes. 
C)  genetic predispositions. 
D)  all of these factors.

Question 13

Latent learning can occur in the absence of

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement. 
B)  cognition. 
C)  experience. 
D)  any of these factors.

Question 14

After he was spanked on several occasions for spilling his milk at a restaurant, Colin became afraid to go to the restaurant. In this case, spanking was a(n) ________ for Colin's fear.

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforce 
B)  conditioned stimulus 
C)  secondary reinforce 
D)  unconditioned stimulus

Question 15

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  extinction. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  discrimination.

Question 16

In classical conditioning, discrimination refers to the learned ability to distinguish between a ________ and other irrelevant stimuli

Accepted Answer

A)  US 
B)  UR 
C)  CS 
D)  CR

Question 17

The introduction of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________ as the withdrawal of an unpleasant stimulus is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition; extinction 
B)  negative reinforcer; positive reinforce 
C)  primary reinforcer; secondary reinforce 
D)  punishment; reinforcement

Question 18

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior. In this case, the time-out is a

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned reinforcer. 
B)  negative reinforcer. 
C)  primary reinforcer. 
D)  punishment.

Question 19

Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by a kitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  discrimination. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 20

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because

Accepted Answer

A)  the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors, the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors. 
B)  children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and necessary. 
C)  the use of punishment could condition children to fear the teachers and avoid school. 
D)  punishment cannot even temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors.

Exam 7: States of Consciousness