Question 1

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcer. 
B)  cognitive map. 
C)  stimulus. 
D)  model.

Question 2

An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary reinforcer. 
B)  neutral stimulus. 
C)  negative reinforcer. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus.

Question 3

The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Pavlov; Skinner 
B)  Bandura; Skinner 
C)  Skinner; Bandura 
D)  Bandura; Pavlov

Question 4

Children can learn to fear the persons and places associated with their punishment. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  instinctive drift. 
B)  the law of effect. 
C)  latent learning. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 5

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that

Accepted Answer

A)  positive reinforcement is more effective than punishment in changing behavior. 
B)  the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur. 
C)  learning is influenced by the frequency of association between the CS and US. 
D)  learning occurs only if a response is followed by reinforcement.

Question 6

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

Accepted Answer

A)  expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive. 
B)  organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS. 
C)  return of a response after punishment has been terminated. 
D)  reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

Question 7

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was

Accepted Answer

A)  salivation to the sound of a tone. 
B)  salivation to the taste of food. 
C)  the sound of a tone. 
D)  the taste of food.

Question 8

A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the "Power Rangers" illustrates the role of television as a source of

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  negative reinforcement. 
D)  observational learning.

Question 9

Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that

Accepted Answer

A)  viewing violence takes people's minds off their own problems and thus reduces their aggressive urges. 
B)  viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave aggressively. 
C)  there is no correlation between viewing aggression and behaving aggressively. although viewing violence is correlated with increased aggression, there is no 
D)  evidence that viewing violence actually leads to aggression.

Question 10

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus. 
B)  unconditioned response. 
C)  conditioned stimulus. 
D)  conditioned response.

Question 11

Alexis is addicted to drugs. The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a(n) ________ for drug cravings.

Accepted Answer

A)  primary reinforcer 
B)  operant chamber 
C)  US 
D)  CS

Question 12

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed reinforcement. 
B)  latent learning. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  shaping.

Question 13

Watching the night sky for shooting stars is likely to be reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 14

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of

Accepted Answer

A)  associative learning. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  observational learning. 
D)  intrinsic motivation.

Question 15

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed reinforcer; immediate reinforce 
B)  primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer 
C)  discrimination; generalization 
D)  partial reinforcement; continuous reinforcement

Question 16

A stimulus that acquires reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer is called a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed 
B)  negative 
C)  partial 
D)  conditioned

Question 17

A learned association between two stimuli is central to

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping. 
B)  negative reinforcement. 
C)  extrinsic motivation. 
D)  classical conditioning.

Question 18

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.

Accepted Answer

A)  Generalization 
B)  negative reinforcement 
C)  latent learning 
D)  extinction

Question 19

A geometric figure is most likely to trigger sexual arousal if presented shortly

Accepted Answer

A)  after an appropriate UR. 
B)  after an appropriate US. 
C)  before an appropriate UR. 
D)  before an appropriate US.

Question 20

After learning to fear a white rat, Little Albert responded with fear to the sight of a rabbit. This best illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  secondary reinforcement. 
B)  generalization. 
C)  shaping. 
D)  spontaneous recovery.

Exam 7: States of Consciousness