Question 1

What is the Strange Situation Test and what child development variable does it assess? What three types of classifications does Mary Ainsworth make using the Strange Situation Test and how are these classifications related to childhood adjustment?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the Strange Situation Test and...

Question 2

In his work examining the stability of shyness in early childhood, Kagan and his colleagues have found that this temperament variable

Accepted Answer

A) is completely unrelated to future behaviour patterns 
B) is highly consistent and stable for the vast majority of children 
C) is related to future behaviour patterns, but only for children rated as being extremely uninhibited 
D) is related to future behaviour patterns, but only for children rated as being extremely uninhibited or extremely inhibited

Question 3

Within a few days of birth, most infants are able to reproduce the facial expressions of an adult. This behaviour is likely the product of a simple, biologically based form of ___________.

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) mechanism that helps them respond to caretakers 
C) operant conditioning 
D) social learning

Question 4

According to Erikson's model, if the major crises of earlier stages have been successfully resolved, the person experiences a sense of completeness and fulfilment, called ___________.

Accepted Answer

A) intimacy 
B) generativity 
C) commitment 
D) integrity

Question 5

Mrs. Papier has taken her son and her daughter to a science museum. They are roughly the same age, but Mrs. Papier spends more time explaining the exhibits to her son than to her daughter. Unintentionally, she is engaging in

Accepted Answer

A) sex-role identity 
B) gender constancy 
C) gender assimilation 
D) sex-typing 
E) gender cognition

Question 6

Explain how nature and nurture jointly influence physical growth and motor development during infancy.

Accepted Answer

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Question 7

Imagine that a young child is able to show conservation on a test of cognitive development. However, she has difficulty with hypothetical problem solving and abstract reasoning. According to Piaget, this child is in the

Accepted Answer

A) sensorimotor stage 
B) preoperational stage 
C) concrete operational stage 
D) formal operational stage 
E) proximal stage

Question 8

Elkind suggests that there are two parts to adolescent egocentrism. The first is _________, in which adolescents overestimate the uniqueness of their feelings and experiences, and the second is __________, in which adolescents are oversensitive to social evaluation.

Accepted Answer

A) imaginary audience; personal fable 
B) personal fable; low self-esteem 
C) personal fable; imaginary audience 
D) popular fable; imaginary criticism

Question 9

James is a young child and he has just learned something very interesting. He used to think that all dogs were small with long hair. But when he met the neighbour's dog who is large with short hair, he had to modify his category of "dogs." This reflects Piaget's concept of

Accepted Answer

A) accommodation 
B) assimilation 
C) disequilibrium 
D) object permanence 
E) conservation

Question 10

Paulo is 5 years old. His older brother likes to fool him when they are drinking juice-he pours Paulo's juice into a tall, thin glass so that Paulo thinks he is getting more. This deception reflects Piaget's concept of

Accepted Answer

A) accommodation 
B) assimilation 
C) disequilibrium 
D) object permanence 
E) conservation

Question 11

Puberty marks the beginning of adolescence and is characterized by the fact that the person is now capable of ____________.

Accepted Answer

A) formal operational thought 
B) stage 4 moral reasoning 
C) conservation 
D) sexual reproduction

Question 12

Upon enrolling their children in a developmental preschool, parents are asked to participate in a study where they will be contacted every two years for the next ten years and asked to complete a quality of education survey. If they agree, parents will be participating in a _______________ research study.

Accepted Answer

A) sequential 
B) longitudinal 
C) cross sectional 
D) double-blind experimental

Question 13

Shaie's longitudinal research found that cognitively stimulating jobs and personal activities was associated with __________________ with age.

Accepted Answer

A) greater intellectual improvement 
B) greater physical activity 
C) no change in intellectual performance 
D) less intellectual decline

Question 14

Reaching puberty earlier than fellow peers is associated with

Accepted Answer

A) negative outcomes for both boys and girls 
B) negative outcomes for girls but positive outcomes for boys 
C) negative outcomes for boys but positive outcomes for girls 
D) positive outcomes for both boys and girls

Question 15

Children can perform basic mental operations such as reversibility and conservation that concern problems with tangible objects and situations in the _________ stage.

Accepted Answer

A) concrete operational 
B) preoperational 
C) formal operational 
D) operational

Question 16

What are Lawrence Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning and what types of moral reasoning are typical in each of the three stages? Briefly describe the research evidence regarding Kohlberg's theory.

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Question 17

Twelve-year-old Cedrick's English teacher often chooses spelling words that can be rearranged to make new words. Cedrick enjoys the challenge of anagrams and puzzles, and because he has always enjoyed science fiction comic books he has recently begun making up his own stories of planets with occupants completely unlike those on earth or in his science fiction comic books. Cedrick is most likely in Piaget's

Accepted Answer

A) sensorimotor stage. 
B) preoperational stage. 
C) concrete operational stage. 
D) formal operational stage. 
E) generative stage.

Question 18

An optimal age range for certain experiences is a ______________ period but if those experiences occur at another time, normal development will still be possible.

Accepted Answer

A) natural 
B) sensitive 
C) critical 
D) developmental

Question 19

How does thinking change during the concrete and formal operational stages?

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Question 20

In what fashion does motor development occur in infancy?

Accepted Answer

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Exam 12: Development Over the Lifespan