Question 1

What do psychoanalytic theories emphasize in relation to development?

Accepted Answer

A) social reasoning 
B) external factors as sources of development 
C) continuity of individual differences 
D) the importance of cognitive factors in development

Question 2

The active role children play in their own development is a central focus of

Accepted Answer

A) the bioecological approach. 
B) all ecological theories of development. 
C) ethology. 
D) evolutionary psychology.

Question 3

Describe the three personality structures theorized by Freud. Explain the "job" of each structure, as well as the developmental stage during which each structure develops.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the three personality structures theorized by...

Question 4

Which characteristic does NOT describe the id?

Accepted Answer

A) unconscious 
B) primitive 
C) impulsive 
D) realistic

Question 5

The parents of 2-year-old Joshua are frustrated with his screaming when he wants something. According to Skinner, which of these would be the BEST advice to give Joshua's parents if they wish to stop Joshua's screaming?

Accepted Answer

A) Give Joshua what he wants, whether or not he screams. 
B) Always give Joshua what he wants when he screams. 
C) Sometimes give Joshua what he wants when he screams, and sometimes refuse to give him what he wants when he screams. 
D) Never give Joshua what he wants when he screams.

Question 6

Which statement about Selman's stage theory of role taking is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Before adolescence, children are unable to acknowledge the existence of perspectives different from their own. 
B) Children's progress through the stages is strongly related to their progress through Piaget's stages. 
C) Although the theory describes stages, Selman believed that most individuals progress through these changes in a simultaneous fashion. 
D) By approximately age 10, children can assess whether another person's view is typical of most people in their social group.

Question 7

Jeremy is taking geometry this year and is focused on mastering the subject. He spends time each day studying for geometry and really likes learning the subject. Jeremy is demonstrating

Accepted Answer

A) achievement motivation. 
B) the entity orientation. 
C) a hostile attributional bias. 
D) self-socialization.

Question 8

With his information-processing theory of social problem solving, Kenneth Dodge is particularly interested in children's

Accepted Answer

A) ability to take the perspective of others. 
B) use of aggression as a strategy. 
C) propensity to learn from others' rewards and punishment. 
D) reactions to failure.

Question 9

Freud's oral stage corresponds with which of Erikson's stages?

Accepted Answer

A) initiative versus guilt 
B) basic trust versus mistrust 
C) autonomy versus shame and doubt 
D) industry versus inferiority

Question 10

Describe the principle of intermittent reinforcement. Why does it make the behaviour so difficult to extinguish?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the principle of intermittent reinforcement. Why...

Question 11

On which point do Freud and current developmental psychologists disagree?

Accepted Answer

A) existence of infantile amnesia 
B) effect of repression on early memory 
C) importance of close early relationships 
D) idea that much of human behaviour stems from unconscious processes

Question 12

According to Freud, the phallic stage encompasses approximately what age(s)?

Accepted Answer

A) 2 to 3 years 
B) 3 to 6 years 
C) 6 to 12 years 
D) the beginning of sexual maturation through adulthood

Question 13

During which stage are sexual impulses repressed, leaving energy to be channeled into socially acceptable activities?

Accepted Answer

A) phallic 
B) latency 
C) anal 
D) genital

Question 14

Freud's contributions to developmental psychology do NOT include an emphasis on the importance of

Accepted Answer

A) unconscious processes. 
B) close relationships. 
C) early experience. 
D) objective experience.

Question 15

The _____ is NOT a personality structure hypothesized by Freud.

Accepted Answer

A) ego 
B) superego 
C) id 
D) superid

Question 16

Which condition would be the MOST interesting to an ethological theorist?

Accepted Answer

A) aggression 
B) role taking 
C) societal value placed on independence 
D) divorce

Question 17

Mary and Ben are new parents. John Watson would likely advise them to treat their child with

Accepted Answer

A) respect. 
B) hostile attributions. 
C) affection. 
D) objectivity.

Question 18

The exosystem involves the

Accepted Answer

A) settings in which the child is not a direct participant. 
B) temporal dimension. 
C) general beliefs, values, customs, and laws of the larger society. 
D) connections amongst the contexts in which the child directly participates.

Question 19

Bandura did NOT come to emphasize the role of

Accepted Answer

A) attention. 
B) memory. 
C) retrieval. 
D) role taking.

Question 20

Describe the principles of intermittent reinforcement and behaviour modification.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Describe the principles of intermittent reinforcement and...

Exam 9: Theories of Social Development