Question 1

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

Accepted Answer

A)  blinking when air is blown into your eye 
B)  blinking when you hear your favorite song 
C)  your favorite song 
D)  a puff of air to your eye

Question 2

Which of the following would be most appropriate for the use of biofeedback procedures?

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioning coyotes to stay away from sheep 
B)  conditioning delinquents to be less aggressive 
C)  conditioning children to be on time for school 
D)  conditioning executives to reduce their blood pressure

Question 3

Little Albert's acquired fear of a white rat was a classic example of a __________ response.

Accepted Answer

A)  classical counterconditioned 
B)  conditioned emotional 
C)  positively reinforced 
D)  negatively reinforced

Question 4

Normally, when food is placed in the mouth of any animal, the salivary glands start releasing saliva to help with chewing and digestion. In terms of Pavlov's analysis of learning, salivation would be referred to as a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned response 
B)  voluntary response 
C)  conditioned response 
D)  digestive reflux

Question 5

Seligman's concept of learned helplessness has been extended into the field of psychopathology to explain the emergence of schizophrenia in late adolescence.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

Which of the following statements about positive reinforcers is accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  They are used in negative reinforcement. 
B)  They weaken behaviors that they follow. 
C)  They strengthen behaviors that they follow. 
D)  They strengthen behaviors that lead to their removal.

Question 7

Given its role in either amplifying or decreasing the intensity of different types of signal inputs, __________ is the neurotransmitter that may be involved in the process of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  serotonin 
B)  dopamine 
C)  acetylcholine 
D)  norepinephrine

Question 8

The foremost proponent of observational learning theory is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  Watson 
B)  Thorndike 
C)  Skinner 
D)  Bandura

Question 9

Josie has found that when she opens up the cupboard door to get the cat food, the cats come running to the kitchen. Josie knows that this is classical conditioning, that the unconditioned stimulus is the __________ and that the conditioned stimulus is the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  cat food; cupboard door opening 
B)  kitchen; cat food 
C)  cupboard door opening; cat food 
D)  cat food; kitchen

Question 10

What is the difference between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the difference between negative reinforcement...

Question 11

Catching fish when fishing in a lake would most likely represent which of the following schedules of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A)  variable interval 
B)  fixed ratio 
C)  fixed interval 
D)  interval ratio

Question 12

Mia is sometimes loud and disruptive in class, and her teacher thinks she acts this way when she wants attention. The teacher worries that yelling at Mia might serve as a positive reinforcer for her bad behavior because it is giving Mia the attention she wants. One behavior modification that might help with this child is use of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  partial reinforcement 
B)  classical conditioning by shocking the child so that she stops speaking out 
C)  instinctive drift therapy 
D)  time-outs to remove the positive reinforcement that even a scolding gives the child

Question 13

Maisie spends a lot of time at the race track betting on ponies, and occasionally she wins. The frequency of her betting is controlled by which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio schedules 
B)  a continuous reinforcement schedule 
C)  a partial schedule of reinforcement 
D)  luck

Question 14

Thorndike was known for his work with __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  a Skinner box 
B)  a puzzle box 
C)  modeling 
D)  monkeys

Question 15

Milo flinches after seeing lightning because in previous instances the lightning was followed by thunder, which scared him. In this scenario, flinching to the lightning can be interpreted as being a(n) __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  unconditioned stimulus 
B)  unconditioned response 
C)  conditioned stimulus 
D)  conditioned response

Question 16

Timmy is watching TV. In one show, he sees a bully steal a lunch from another child. The bully then enjoys eating the other child's lunch. Since Timmy feels that his mother makes him a rather skimpy lunch and he is always hungry at school, he starts stealing other kids' lunches at school. According to Bandura's theory of observational learning, Timmy's hunger at lunchtime most influenced which factor?

Accepted Answer

A)  attention 
B)  memory 
C)  imitation 
D)  desire

Question 17

A behavioral psychologist tries to train a bird to climb a tree to get a reward of a piece of fruit. At first, the bird learns how to climb the tree with its legs and beak. After a while, it starts flapping its wings and hopping around before it starts to climb. Eventually, the bird flies up to the piece of fruit, even though that prevents it from getting the fruit. According to the Brelands' analysis of biological constraints, the bird is demonstrating __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  response generalization 
B)  that it was reverting to behavior that was instinctual for it 
C)  the power of negative reinforcement 
D)  the law of effect

Question 18

The opposite of stimulus generalization is __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  stimulus discrimination 
B)  unconditioned stimulus 
C)  conditioned stimulus 
D)  response generalization

Question 19

A reinforcer that removes something unpleasant from a situation is a __________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)  primary 
B)  positive 
C)  negative 
D)  secondary

Question 20

Which of the following would be classified as a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A)  a sandwich 
B)  the word "good" 
C)  reduction of pain 
D)  a drink of soda

Exam 5: Learning

Which of the following illustrates an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) ?