Question 1

What was the conditioned stimulus (CS) in the case of Little Albert?

Accepted Answer

A)  a white rat 
B)  a loud noise 
C)  a high chair 
D)  a small enclosed space

Question 2

Gabriella wanted to help her father prepare breakfast. She had watched him crack eggs into a bowl many times, paying careful attention to how he did it. But when she went to crack her own eggs, they smashed into many pieces. Which of the following elements of observational learning was Gabriella's problem?

Accepted Answer

A)  imitation 
B)  attention 
C)  memory 
D)  desire

Question 3

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with "Little Albert," the conditioned stimulus (CS) was __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the white rat 
B)  the loud noise 
C)  the fear of the rat 
D)  the fear of the noise

Question 4

Positive reinforcement is to __________ as negative reinforcement is to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  good outcomes; bad outcomes 
B)  increasing reinforcement; decreasing reinforcement 
C)  rewarding behavior; punishing behavior 
D)  presenting good results; removing aversive stimuli

Question 5

The kind of learning that applies to voluntary behavior is called __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  operant conditioning 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  effective based learning 
D)  spontaneous recovery

Question 6

A reinforcer is a consequence that __________ a behavior, while a punishment is a consequence that __________ a behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  motivates; stimulates 
B)  weakens; strengthens 
C)  inhibits; motivates 
D)  strengthens; weakens

Question 7

Changing behavior through the reinforcement of partial responses is called __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  modeling 
B)  shaping 
C)  negative reinforcement 
D)  classical conditioning

Question 8

On a fixed ratio schedule, reinforcement is given for the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  first correct response after randomly varying amounts of time have passed 
B)  next correct response after a fixed number of responses have been made 
C)  first correct response after a fixed amount of time has passed 
D)  next correct response after a varying number of responses have been made

Question 9

Unlike other schedules of reinforcement, __________ results in a "scalloped" pattern of responses on a cumulative frequency graph.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed ratio 
B)  fixed interval 
C)  variable interval 
D)  variable ratio

Question 10

Thorndike is to __________ as Skinner is to __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  reinforcement; law of effect 
B)  law of effect; reinforcement 
C)  reinforcement; punishment 
D)  positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

Question 11

In classical conditioning, one must pair the __________ before conditioning can occur.

Accepted Answer

A)  UCS and CR 
B)  UCS and CS 
C)  CR and CS 
D)  UCR and CR

Exam 5: Learning