Question 1

Which of the following best describes the unusual events that occurred in Pavlov's laboratory that led him to the discovery of classical conditioning?

Accepted Answer

A) Dogs salivated after meat powder was placed in their mouths. 
B) Dogs sometimes salivated before the meat powder was placed in their mouths. 
C) Salivation existed in dogs as an unlearned reflex. 
D) Dogs salivated if and only if they were given a reward.

Question 2

In which type of learning are new behavior patterns molded by changing the probability that various responses will be made?

Accepted Answer

A) Pavlovian conditioning 
B) respondent conditioning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) operant conditioning

Question 3

In recent years, the violent crime rate among youth has risen even as sales of violent video games have declined.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 4

A dog that gets rewarded for the first bark it makes in each ten minute period is being reinforced on which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) continuous 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable interval 
D) fixed ratio

Question 5

Serena has just found out that her four-year-old Michael has been using scissors to give the cat, dog, and his little sister haircuts. Serena tells Michael, "Wait until your father gets home and you'll be sorry." This delayed discipline

Accepted Answer

A) has been shown to be very effective in reducing a child's misbehavior because they have time to think about their punishment. 
B) has been shown to be ineffective in reducing a child's misbehavior as well as making the father a "feared brute." 
C) is referred to as response cost. 
D) is a type of negative reinforcement.

Question 6

Some computer-assisted (CAI)programs make use of instructional games involving stories, competition with a partner, sound effects, and game-like graphics that increase interest and motivation. These CAI programs are known as

Accepted Answer

A) token economies. 
B) educational feedback loops. 
C) latent learning exercises. 
D) serious games.

Question 7

Regarding eye blink conditioning, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Eye blink conditioning is an example of the type of learning known as operant or instrumental conditioning. 
B) Patients in a vegetative state are not likely to be conditioned to make the eye blink or to recover any mental functions. 
C) Patients who are at least minimally conscious can be conditioned to make the eye blink and may recover some mental functions. 
D) Currently, some minimally conscious patients are misdiagnosed and are not offered appropriate therapy.

Question 8

Using poker chips that could be exchanged for various privileges to reinforce mentally ill patients for healthy and productive behaviors would be an example of using which of the following to facilitate learning?

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement 
B) classical conditioning 
C) extinction 
D) tokens

Question 9

Which of the following types of associative learning is also known as instrumental learning and can be used to alter your own behavior and the behavior of pets, children, and other adults?

Accepted Answer

A) respondent conditioning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) classical conditioning 
D) Pavlovian conditioning

Question 10

A high school student earns $3.00 for every ten boxes of candy he sells door-to-door. His energetic selling reflects

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio reinforcement. 
B) respondent conditioning. 
C) stimulus generalization. 
D) variable interval conditioning.

Question 11

Of the reinforcement schedules listed, which is the most resistant to extinction?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed interval 
B) fixed ratio 
C) variable ratio 
D) continuous reinforcement

Question 12

Punishment may be necessary to manage the behavior of a child. Therefore,

Accepted Answer

A) use the minimum punishment necessary to suppress misbehavior. 
B) use spanking since it will prevent "spoiling" the child. 
C) delay the application of punishment as long as possible after the misbehavior. 
D) use response cost with younger children and physical punishment with older children and teenagers.

Question 13

Two groups of well-trained rats were placed on extinction. One group was punished with a slap on the paw for each bar press, while the other group was not. The experimenters found that bar pressing

Accepted Answer

A) reached extinction quicker for the rats whose paws were slapped. 
B) reached extinction quicker for the rats whose paws were not slapped. 
C) temporarily slowed for the rats whose paws were slapped with no difference in extinction time. 
D) remained high for both groups with extinction never being reached for either group of rats.

Question 14

Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement

Accepted Answer

A) is more resistant to extinction. 
B) makes a response weaker. 
C) involves reinforcing some correct and some incorrect responses. 
D) involves reinforcing every correct response, but not the incorrect ones.

Question 15

The term for the initial phase of conditioning when the CS and US are paired is

Accepted Answer

A) acquisition. 
B) the instrumental step. 
C) shaping. 
D) latent learning.

Question 16

Jamal works for a department store that pays him $50 for every three bicycles he assembles; thus, Jamal is on a variable interval schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

Ms. Ramirez gives her students a star for every completed homework assignment. The star serves as a

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcer. 
B) negative reinforcer. 
C) primary reinforcer. 
D) response cost.

Question 18

Tokens have reinforcing value because they may be exchanged for primary reinforcers. Thus, they are a type of __________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A) secondary 
B) stimulus 
C) higher-order 
D) negative

Question 19

The strategy for breaking bad habits that consists of trying to discover what is reinforcing an unwanted response and removing, avoiding, or delaying the reinforcement involves the use of the operant conditioning principle of __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The strategy for breaking bad habits that...

Question 20

If a parent follows misbehavior with an unpleasant consequence, such as scolding or spanking, the parent is using

Accepted Answer

A) negative punishment. 
B) positive punishment. 
C) response cost.

Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning