Question 1

In studies that looked at the association between violent video games and aggressiveness, the researchers found that

Accepted Answer

A) the level of violence displayed in the video game was the determining factor in whether the participants showed aggression when given the chance. 
B) the competitiveness, difficulty, or pacing of a game may influence aggression levels just as much, if not more, than the violent content of the game. 
C) the violent video games actually sensitized the players so that they reacted negatively to the violence shown and were less likely to imitate it. 
D) only young children were influenced to imitate the violence with adolescents and adults not being significantly affected.

Question 2

When Lamont acts silly while his family is watching television, he receives no attention from the family. Lamont's silly behavior decreases due to his family's use of

Accepted Answer

A) nonreinforcement. 
B) positive punishment. 
C) negative reinforcement. 
D) respondent conditioning.

Question 3

Which of the following might serve as a secondary reinforcer?

Accepted Answer

A) intracranial self-stimulation 
B) praise 
C) food 
D) a psychoactive drug

Question 4

Which schedule of reinforcement involves reinforcement being given for the first correct response made after a varied amount of time has passed since the last reinforced response?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable interval 
D) variable ratio

Question 5

Which of the following can either be the onset of an unpleasant event or the removal of a positive state of affairs?

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) a punisher. 
C) a primary threat. 
D) discriminative stimuli.

Question 6

When Jan helped clean up after her baby brother, her mother praised Jan for being so thoughtful. For Jan, her mother's praise is serving as a

Accepted Answer

A) positive reinforcer. 
B) negative reinforcer. 
C) primary reinforcer. 
D) response cost.

Question 7

In Mrs. Gupta's elementary classroom, she gives happy face stickers to students for being attentive, turning in their homework on time, making good grades, and other productive classroom behaviors. At the end of the week, the students can exchange these stickers for a special treat or small toy. Mrs. Gupta is using

Accepted Answer

A) a time-out system. 
B) systematic desensitization. 
C) a token economy. 
D) a primary reinforcement schedule.

Question 8

Every time you give advice to a friend she suddenly turns cold and distant. Lately, you have stopped offering her advice because your advice was rejected, which is a form of negative punishment.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 9

The first correct response made after a set time period has passed is reinforced with responses made during the time period not being reinforced. This statement describes which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) variable ratio 
D) variable interval

Question 10

If the sound of a clap occurs just before a puff of air is delivered to the eye, the person will, after several repetitions, learn to blink to the sound of the clap. Blinking to the sound of the clap would be considered a

Accepted Answer

A) neutral stimulus. 
B) conditioned response. 
C) spontaneous response. 
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 11

Philip is in the third grade, and he is reinforced by his mother with a quarter for every "A" he makes on a test, quiz, homework, or class work assignment he brings home. This reinforcement of Phillip's grades illustrates which of the following?

Accepted Answer

A) the partial reinforcement effect 
B) a variable interval schedule 
C) continuous reinforcement 
D) a fixed ratio schedule

Question 12

A behavior that is learned by modeling or observation must be maintained by

Accepted Answer

A) repeated observations of the model. 
B) direct chaining of the behaviors. 
C) direct reinforcement or feedback of the behavior once it is modeled. 
D) positive transfer of the behavior to other new responses.

Question 13

Tomas and Eric have developed a habit of hanging out in each other's offices when they want to take a break from work. However, these breaks have increasingly gotten longer because they enjoy talking. Recently, they have had to take more work home to finish plus got the "evil eye" stare from the boss several times. Tomas and Eric have decided to only see each other at lunch and after work and to not go to each other's offices unless it's work related. By doing this, Tomas and Eric have removed the reinforcement for hanging out at the office and also increased their productivity during working hours. This strategy for breaking bad habits is known as

Accepted Answer

A) modeling. 
B) extinction. 
C) shaping. 
D) latent learning.

Question 14

Nonreinforcement tends to lead to

Accepted Answer

A) an increase in responding. 
B) the extinction of a response. 
C) operant stimulus generalization. 
D) successive approximations.

Question 15

Children who are punished often by parents or teachers

Accepted Answer

A) learn to dislike parents and teachers. 
B) develop an internalized moral sense of right and wrong. 
C) become less aggressive toward others. 
D) learn to respect the person punishing them.

Question 16

From a response contingent viewpoint, which of the following tells a person or an animal that a response was "right" and worth repeating?

Accepted Answer

A) conditioned stimulus 
B) reinforcer 
C) operant 
D) acquisitional cue

Question 17

Negative reinforcement and punishment

Accepted Answer

A) have opposite effects on behavior. 
B) are different terms for the same procedure. 
C) have the same effect on behavior. 
D) are not very effective in changing behavior.

Question 18

Another name for response cost is

Accepted Answer

A) negative reinforcement. 
B) nonreinforcement. 
C) positive punishment. 
D) negative punishment.

Question 19

For rats in a Skinner box, very little learning occurs when the delay between bar pressing and receiving food exceeds __________ seconds.

Accepted Answer

A) 10 
B) 25 
C) 40 
D) 50

Question 20

The concept of a response chain helps explain how the entire sequence of events necessary to prepare a meal is reinforced by the final dining experience.

Accepted Answer