Question 1

In programmed instruction, learners are prevented from practicing errors through

Accepted Answer

A) response cost. 
B) frequent feedback. 
C) the fixed interval scheduling. 
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 2

The best batters in baseball rarely get a hit more than an average of three out of every 10 times they are at bat. These batters are on which schedule of reinforcement?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) variable ratio 
C) fixed interval 
D) variable interval

Question 3

Regarding the effect of mild punishment, which of the following statements is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

A) Mild punishment slows the rate of responding but does not eliminate it. 
B) Mild punishment stops the rate of responding completely. 
C) Mild punishment will dramatically increase the rate of responding. 
D) Mild punishment will not change the rate of responding, even temporarily.

Question 4

If a rat is on a VI-20-second schedule for bar-pressing, the rat will be reinforced

Accepted Answer

A) continuously for 20 seconds and then will receive no more reinforcement. 
B) for every 20 seconds of continual responding. 
C) for each bar press that occurs exactly 20 seconds after the last reinforced response. 
D) for the first bar press that occurs after a random time interval that averages 20 seconds in length.

Question 5

Every time a video game player moves, the game instantly provides sounds, animated actions, and a higher or lower score. This situation illustrates the use of

Accepted Answer

A) primary reinforcers. 
B) feedback. 
C) training trials. 
D) motivational skill-building.

Question 6

Regarding observational learning studies, which of the following statements is FALSE?

Accepted Answer

A) Children cannot learn attitudes, fears, emotions, or personality traits through modeling. 
B) Observational learning prepares a person to duplicate a response. 
C) Children who witness domestic violence are more likely to commit it themselves as adults. 
D) An adolescent is more likely to begin smoking if his or her parents, siblings, and friends smoke.

Question 7

Advertisers often try to use higher-order conditioning by

Accepted Answer

A) pairing images that evoke good feelings with pictures of their products. 
B) reducing fear or anxiety as they repeatedly show the same commercial. 
C) repeating the same slogan over and over again.

Question 8

In operant conditioning, stimuli that precede reinforced and nonreinforced responses are known as

Accepted Answer

A) facilitating stimuli. 
B) reinforcing stimuli. 
C) avoidance stimuli. 
D) discriminative stimuli.

Question 9

In which type of associative learning are the consequences the most important aspect for the learning to take place?

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) operant conditioning 
C) insight learning 
D) respondent learning

Question 10

Every time you give advice to a friend, she suddenly turns cold and rude toward you. Lately, you've stopped offering her advice because giving your friend advice has been

Accepted Answer

A) negatively reinforced. 
B) punished. 
C) classically conditioned. 
D) affected by all of these.

Question 11

When a stimulus consistently precedes rewarded responses, it tends to elicit a response. When a stimulus consistently precedes non-reward, it tends to inhibit responding. This states the principle of

Accepted Answer

A) partial reinforcement. 
B) variable ratio responding. 
C) stimulus control. 
D) generalization.

Question 12

You may be unaware of some of the reinforcers that are changing your own behavior. In fact, such automatic associative learning is a hallmark of __________ processing.

Accepted Answer

A) acquisitional 
B) elaborative 
C) experiential 
D) functional

Question 13

A strategy for breaking bad habits that involves trying to get the same reinforcement using a new response is known as the strategy of cues and antecedents.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

As stimuli become less like the original conditioned stimulus (CS), an organism's responding will

Accepted Answer

A) decrease. 
B) increase. 
C) remain exactly the same. 
D) be unpredictable.

Question 15

A dog is much more likely to keep searching for food under a pillow if it finds food there, but the dog will likely stop looking there if it fails to find food, or finds something frightening. This illustrates __________ conditioning.

Accepted Answer

A) Pavlovian 
B) operant 
C) classical 
D) respondent

Question 16

When April is stressed and wants to relax, she has always reached for a glass of wine. However, she wants to break this use of alcohol as a means of relaxation, so she learns stress management techniques and now uses them when she feels stressed. April is using which strategy for breaking a bad habit?

Accepted Answer

A) breaking up response chains 
B) cues and antecedents 
C) alternate behaviors 
D) extinction

Question 17

Sally, who has a habit of taking toys from her sister, should be reprimanded for it but should also be rewarded for displaying the opposite behavior of sharing toys with her sister or other children, which is referred to as __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sally, who has a habit of taking...

Question 18

Stimulus generalization and higher-order conditioning can result in a limited fear becoming

Accepted Answer

A) a disabling phobia. 
B) milder and more controllable. 
C) totally extinguished. 
D) an operant reinforcer.

Question 19

Which schedule of reinforcement would be most useful when a person or animal is initially learning new responses?

Accepted Answer

A) fixed ratio 
B) fixed interval 
C) intermittent 
D) continuous

Question 20

The effectiveness of punishers depends greatly on their timing, consistency, and

Accepted Answer

A) generalization. 
B) intensity. 
C) cognitive perception. 
D) divergency.

Exam 6: Conditioning and Learning