Question 1

Suicide rates tend to be higher in places that generally have ____ climates. In general, suicide rates also tend to be higher during the ____.

Accepted Answer

A) good; spring and summer months 
B) good; fall and winter months 
C) bad; spring and summer months 
D) bad; fall and winter months

Question 2

While making decisions, many people discount the future and focus only on the present. Explain the reasoning behind such decisions and give two examples.

Accepted Answer

The answer of While making decisions, many people discount the...

Question 3

Research on suicide among humans and non-human animals has shown that ____.

Accepted Answer

A) humans are apparently the only animals who commit suicide 
B) aside from humans, chimpanzees are the only other animals who occasionally commit suicide 
C) suicide occurs in all known primate species, but not in any other animals 
D) suicide is known to occur in a number of different animal species, but it is more common among humans than among any other species

Question 4

One of the biggest differences between attending to current concerns and engaging in long-term planning is the fact that people dealing with current concerns tend to be more focused on ____.

Accepted Answer

A) intrinsic rewards rather than extrinsic rewards 
B) the cultural or social significance of things 
C) high levels of meaning 
D) practical constraints

Question 5

Some studies suggest that when parents are extremely strict, their children become especially tempted to engage in forbidden behaviors. For example, when parents forbid their teenagers from going to parties, the teens report being even more attracted to parties and even more interested in attending them. These findings are MOST consistent with ____.

Accepted Answer

A) risk aversion 
B) error management theory 
C) reactance theory 
D) temporal discounting

Question 6

According to self-determination theory, people who act based on ____ are freer than others.

Accepted Answer

A) intrinsic motivations 
B) extrinsic motivations 
C) low behavioral flexibility 
D) automatic processes

Question 7

Self-regulation enables people to adapt themselves to different circumstances.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 8

The tendency to place a lot of emphasis on definite outcomes is called _____.

Accepted Answer

A) the certainty effect 
B) temporal discounting 
C) risk aversion 
D) the status quo bias

Question 9

Freud's notion that most people have a "death drive" that impels them to pursue their own downfall and death ____.

Accepted Answer

A) has received a good deal of recent empirical support 
B) is consistent with research showing that many people have a "fear of success" 
C) is consistent with cognitive dissonance theory 
D) is apparently wrong

Question 10

The status quo bias is different from the omission bias in that the former is about making decisions that ____, while the latter is about making decisions that ____.

Accepted Answer

A) keep things the same; require no effort 
B) keep things the same; avoid risks 
C) are similar to other people's decisions; require little effort 
D) are similar to other people's decisions; avoid risks

Question 11

Personal projects or personal strivings are also known as ____.

Accepted Answer

A) levels of meaning 
B) fallacies 
C) goals 
D) forms of self-reference

Question 12

Do people usually think in optimistic or overly ambitious ways when they are setting goals or when they are  striving to achieve goals?

Accepted Answer

A) Yes, they tend to be overly optimistic in both cases. 
B) No, they tend to think in realistic ways in both cases. 
C) They tend to be overly optimistic when setting goals but more or less realistic when pursuing goals. 
D) They tend to be more or less realistic when setting goals but optimistic when pursuing goals.

Question 13

Dr. Mischel is conducting an experiment with young children. He tells each child that they have a choice to make: They can have a cookie right now, OR they can wait ten minutes and get two cookies. Dr. Mischel appears to be measuring ____.

Accepted Answer

A) the children's planning fallacy 
B) the children's levels of abstract decision making 
C) whether the children are incremental theorists or entity theorists 
D) the children's capacity to delay gratification

Question 14

Research suggests that suicide rates are often lowest in favorable circumstances.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

When making decisions that require tradeoffs, MOST people show a tendency to give more weight to ____.

Accepted Answer

A) possible losses than to possible gains 
B) possible gains than to possible losses 
C) possible losses than to certain gains 
D) probable outcomes rather than certain outcomes

Question 16

Janie has to write a paper for her English class. Even though she is getting married this summer and planning the wedding is more important to her on a personal level, she simply shuts all thoughts of her wedding out of her mind and buckles down to get the paper done. Janie is experiencing ________________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Janie has to write a paper for...

Question 17

________________ theorists believe that you can become smarter if you work hard, study, and apply yourself.

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________________ theorists believe that you can become...

Question 18

People who practice willpower "exercises" find that they ____.

Accepted Answer

A) temporarily deplete their willpower resources and show no improvement in willpower levels in the long term 
B) temporarily deplete their willpower resources but develop stronger levels of willpower in the long term 
C) show improvement in their willpower levels immediately (while they are "exercising")but show no improvement in willpower levels in the long term 
D) show improvement in their willpower levels both immediately (while they are "exercising")and in the long term

Question 19

What is temporal discounting?

Accepted Answer

A) The tendency for people to forget about the time that would be required to achieve things when setting goals 
B) The tendency for people to place greater weight on the present than the future while making decisions 
C) The tendency for plans to be overly optimistic because the planner does not make allowances for unexpected events 
D) The tendency for people to ignore past or historical events when making decisions

Question 20

Movies with "R" ratings tend to be more appealing to children and teenagers than similar movies with "G" or "PG" ratings. This finding best illustrates ____.

Accepted Answer

A) error management theory 
B) the status quo bias 
C) reactance theory 
D) the omission bias

Exam 4: Choices and Actions: The Self in Control

Suicide rates tend to be higher in places that generally have climates. In general, suicide rates also tend to be higher during the .