Question 1

According to Solomon's opponent-process theory, extended heroin use creates a conditioned bodily response that ____ the "high" that the user experiences. ​

Accepted Answer

A) intensifies 
B) prolongs 
C) neutralizes 
D) causes

Question 2

Pookie, the dog, quickly learns that when she scratches at the door, her owner will allow her to go outside to play. This is an example of ____ conditioning.​

Accepted Answer

A) operant 
B) higher-order 
C) avoidance 
D) classical

Question 3

It has been rumored that campus parking enforcement officers receive a $10 bonus for every twenty tickets they write. An unnamed campus parking administrator has remarked off the record, "This ____ schedule of reinforcement keeps our officers diligent and busy."​

Accepted Answer

A) variable-ratio 
B) fixed-ratio 
C) variable-interval 
D) fixed-interval

Question 4

Nic is terrified of going to the dentist office because of the discomfort and pain he has experienced before. The last time Nic had a tooth pulled, he locked his eyes onto his dentist's white coat. Now when Nic sees someone in a white coat, he becomes afraid because the white coat predicts the experience of pain. This example best demonstrates ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) latent learning 
B) reconditioning 
C) higher-order conditioning 
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 5

To get her roommate to start cleaning her side of the room, Alisa starts complimenting her on the smallest efforts she makes to keep her side tidy. Alisa then withholds complimenting her roommate until she does more extensive cleaning tasks. This type of strategy is known as ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) shaping 
B) stimulus generalization 
C) primary reinforcement 
D) stimulus discrimination

Question 6

Hugo has learned to fear the bell on his phone because every time the phone rings, a prank caller starts shouting at him. He now finds himself fearful of other bells, like bicycle bells and doorbells. Hugo is affected by stimulus ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) control 
B) generalization 
C) degradation 
D) discrimination

Question 7

Roslyn always used to shop at Penney's because for every purchase over $20, she would get a 10 percent discount. But since Penney's stopped offering this promotion, Roslyn has stopped shopping there. Her shopping behavior is best explained by ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) operant conditioning 
B) classical conditioning 
C) the principle of generalization 
D) systematic desensitization

Question 8

Benji spends his days in a dog pen. After seeing another dog running around the neighborhood, Benji began to pace. Suddenly, he tips over his dog house, climbs on top of it, and jumps out of the pen. According to Wolfgang Köhler, Benji's performance demonstrates ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) insight 
B) latent learning 
C) skill learning 
D) Skinner box conditioning

Question 9

Any response made to a specific stimulus, if followed by a reward, will be more likely to occur again in the presence of the same stimulus. According to your text, this is the law of ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) shaping 
B) contiguity 
C) learning 
D) effect

Question 10

Lance is a door-to-door insurance salesman. Lance finds it difficult to predict what his sales will be for any given day. On some days, he sells one policy for every three houses that he visits; on other days, he may sell one policy every twenty houses. Lance is being rewarded on a ____ reinforcement schedule.​

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio 
B) fixed-interval 
C) variable-ratio 
D) variable-interval

Question 11

In her kindergarten class, Tanesha gives the children star stickers for good behavior in class (e.g., raising their hands before speaking, being polite to other children, walking in line through the hallways). Tanesha gives a star sticker every time a good behavior occurs. Tanesha is using a(n)____ reinforcement schedule.​

Accepted Answer

A) fixed-ratio 
B) variable-ratio 
C) continuous 
D) interval

Question 12

Think back to one of the many episodes of your life where you have learned through classical conditioning.Recount the learning experience, being sure to point out the different stimulus ® response components. Did you experience stimulus generalization? Has extinction occurred? ​

Accepted Answer

The answer of Think back to one of the many...

Question 13

Penelope watches her mother shell a peanut before eating it. She then picks up a peanut and begins to peel away the shell, too. This is an example of ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) classical conditioning 
B) observational learning 
C) latent learning 
D) higher-order conditioning

Question 14

Rosie and Ginny decide to eat at a restaurant. When they arrive, they are greeted promptly by the hostess. The waiter is efficient and the food is fantastic! They are likely to return to the restaurant because their decision to eat there was followed by a satisfying experience. This example best illustrates ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) the law of effect 
B) the pleasure principle 
C) Michelin's law 
D) the Garcia effect

Question 15

Cindy has taken the bus to and from school for the past three weeks. Today, however, she misses the bus and has to walk. Cindy has never had to walk to school before, but she makes it to school without a single wrong turn. This demonstrates ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) insight 
B) latent learning 
C) observational learning 
D) vicarious experience

Question 16

In an experiment, a flash of light is paired with a mild electric shock to a subject's finger. After several trials, the subject begins to pull the finger away after seeing the flash of light. The experimenter then begins to present just the flash, but with no shock. After several trials of the latter, the subject will ____.​

Accepted Answer

A) keep pulling his finger away after seeing the light 
B) pull his finger away sometimes but not others 
C) gradually cease pulling his finger away after the flash of light 
D) pull his finger away more quickly on each trial

Question 17

Learned helplessness involves learning that ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) one has inferior mental abilities 
B) punishment will follow certain behaviors 
C) some habits are difficult to change 
D) there is no relationship between one's behaviors and their consequences

Question 18

Grasping how to perform a complex action sequence, such as driving a car, pitching a baseball, or playing the harmonica, is referred to as ____. ​

Accepted Answer

A) skill learning 
B) trace learning 
C) insight 
D) part-task learning

Question 19

If a tone is sounded each time a puff of air is delivered to the eye, the tone alone will eventually produce eye blinks. In this example, the ____ is the conditioned stimulus and the ____is the conditioned response.​

Accepted Answer

A) puff of air; eye blink response to the puff of air 
B) puff of air; eye blink response to the tone 
C) tone; eye blink response to the puff of air 
D) tone; eye blink response to the tone

Question 20

Charlie wants to get a job in which he is rewarded for his work on a fixed interval reinforcement schedule. Which job should Charlie pursue?​

Accepted Answer

A) Vanguard Advertising, where he will earn $3.00 for each ad he sells 
B) Burger Express, where he will earn a paycheck each week 
C) Cruise-In, where the tips are split between all the servers 
D) Teddy's Carpentry, where he will earn money as the jobs are completed

Exam 5: Learning

According to Solomon's opponent-process theory, extended heroin use creates a conditioned bodily response that ____ the "high" that the user experiences.

Pookie, the dog, quickly learns that when she scratches at the door, her owner will allow her to go outside to play. This is an example of ____ conditioning.

It has been rumored that campus parking enforcement officers receive a $10 bonus for every twenty tickets they write. An unnamed campus parking administrator has remarked off the record, "This ____ schedule of reinforcement keeps our officers diligent and busy."

To get her roommate to start cleaning her side of the room, Alisa starts complimenting her on the smallest efforts she makes to keep her side tidy. Alisa then withholds complimenting her roommate until she does more extensive cleaning tasks. This type of strategy is known as ____.

Hugo has learned to fear the bell on his phone because every time the phone rings, a prank caller starts shouting at him. He now finds himself fearful of other bells, like bicycle bells and doorbells. Hugo is affected by stimulus ____.

Roslyn always used to shop at Penney's because for every purchase over $20, she would get a 10 percent discount. But since Penney's stopped offering this promotion, Roslyn has stopped shopping there. Her shopping behavior is best explained by ____.

Benji spends his days in a dog pen. After seeing another dog running around the neighborhood, Benji began to pace. Suddenly, he tips over his dog house, climbs on top of it, and jumps out of the pen. According to Wolfgang Köhler, Benji's performance demonstrates ____.

Any response made to a specific stimulus, if followed by a reward, will be more likely to occur again in the presence of the same stimulus. According to your text, this is the law of ____.

Think back to one of the many episodes of your life where you have learned through classical conditioning.Recount the learning experience, being sure to point out the different stimulus ® response components. Did you experience stimulus generalization? Has extinction occurred?

Penelope watches her mother shell a peanut before eating it. She then picks up a peanut and begins to peel away the shell, too. This is an example of ____.

Cindy has taken the bus to and from school for the past three weeks. Today, however, she misses the bus and has to walk. Cindy has never had to walk to school before, but she makes it to school without a single wrong turn. This demonstrates ____.

Learned helplessness involves learning that ____.

Grasping how to perform a complex action sequence, such as driving a car, pitching a baseball, or playing the harmonica, is referred to as ____.

If a tone is sounded each time a puff of air is delivered to the eye, the tone alone will eventually produce eye blinks. In this example, the is the conditioned stimulus and the is the conditioned response.

Charlie wants to get a job in which he is rewarded for his work on a fixed interval reinforcement schedule. Which job should Charlie pursue?