Question 1

For Marx and Engels, social class is determined by

Accepted Answer

A)   position in the social relations of production.
B)   ability to work hard and get ahead.
C)   economic position within a mode of production.
D)   education level, professional credentials, and family ties. C

Question 2

Although there are differences between conflict and radical criminology, both approaches highlight the importance of law. Identify and briefly explain three reasons why conflict and radical criminologists focus on law.

Accepted Answer

a. Law is a central aspect of the state apparatus.
b. The state has a class character.
c. Law tends to reflect the interests of more powerful groups.
d. Ideas such as the "rule of law" and "equality before the law" work as ideologies to perpetuate inequality.
e. Law is a prize that groups struggle to control.
f. The criminalization process is not neutral.
g. Law "on the books" is not the same as law "in the streets."
h. Appellate courts are biased toward more powerful groups (e.g., the issues they hear, the amount of money needed to pose an appeal).

Question 3

Within the surplus population, Spitzer distinguishes between social __________ and social __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   parasites, dynamite
B)   junk, parasites
C)   junk, dynamite
D)   dynamite, slugs C

Question 4

Which of the following are modes of production analyzed by Marx and Engels?

Accepted Answer

A)   capitalist, communist, socialist, and agrarian
B)   industrial, agricultural, and barter
C)   mass produced, cottage-industry, and trade
D)   service, skilled, and semiskilled

Question 5

According to Engels, crime is a form of primitive rebellion that will lead to revolutionary consciousness.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 6

A left realist crime-control program would include

Accepted Answer

A)   expanding and privatizing prisons.
B)   the expansion of capital punishment mandatory minimum sentencing.
C)   "three-strikes" and other get-tough-on-crime approaches.
D)   deincarceration, demarginalization, and victim-restitution programs.

Question 7

Burglary, robbery, and drug dealing are examples of

Accepted Answer

A)   predatory crimes.
B)   personal crimes.
C)   crimes of control.
D)   crimes of resistance.

Question 8

For left realists, a police __________ ought to become a police __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   force, service
B)   service, force
C)   man, woman
D)   woman, man

Question 9

What are the social classes created by a capitalist mode of production?

Accepted Answer

A)   exploited and exploiters
B)   powerful and powerless
C)   wealthy, upper middle class, middle class, working class, and social junk
D)   lumpenproletariat, working class, middle class, and capitalist class

Question 10

Crimes of domination are committed in response to oppressive conditions produced by capitalism.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 11

The mode of production includes the means and social relations of production.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

According to Spitzer, surplus populations are a direct result of the capitalist order need for low-wage labor.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 13

Populations become problematic when they question or challenge __________ modes of appropriating the product of human labor.

Accepted Answer

A)   communist
B)   socialist
C)   capitalist
D)   none of the above

Question 14

Crimes of domination include harms such as sexism and racism that are not defined as crime by legal codes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 15

According to Spitzer, problem populations are created indirectly through

Accepted Answer

A)   mental illness and physical handicaps.
B)   fundamental contradictions in the capitalist economy.
C)   the criminalization process.
D)   contradictions in social control institutions.

Question 16

Compare and contrast conflict and consensus theories, paying particular attention to their divergent understandings of how society is organized, the nature of power and authority, and the role of law.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compare and contrast conflict and consensus theories,...

Question 17

Ideology is a process

Accepted Answer

A)   that illuminates reality.
B)   that alternates between true and false consciousness.
C)   that masks the nature and source of exploitation.
D)   that gradually reveals contradictions in the mode of production.

Question 18

What is the primary class struggle in capitalist society?

Accepted Answer

A)   between the capitalist class (bourgeoisie)  and the worker class (proletariat) 
B)   between the capitalist class and the state apparatus
C)   between the middle class and the working class
D)   between the middle class and the chronically unemployed

Question 19

_____ is crucial for maintaining state control and unequal class relations.

Accepted Answer

A)   Crime
B)   Legislative process
C)   Lobbying
D)   Law

Question 20

Historical materialists describe capitalism as a means of production.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Exam 7: The Conflict Tradition

For Marx and Engels, social class is determined by

Although there are differences between conflict and radical criminology, both approaches highlight the importance of law. Identify and briefly explain three reasons why conflict and radical criminologists focus on law.

Within the surplus population, Spitzer distinguishes between social and social .

Which of the following are modes of production analyzed by Marx and Engels?

According to Engels, crime is a form of primitive rebellion that will lead to revolutionary consciousness.

A left realist crime-control program would include

Burglary, robbery, and drug dealing are examples of

For left realists, a police ought to become a police .

What are the social classes created by a capitalist mode of production?

Crimes of domination are committed in response to oppressive conditions produced by capitalism.

The mode of production includes the means and social relations of production.

According to Spitzer, surplus populations are a direct result of the capitalist order need for low-wage labor.

Populations become problematic when they question or challenge __________ modes of appropriating the product of human labor.

Crimes of domination include harms such as sexism and racism that are not defined as crime by legal codes.

According to Spitzer, problem populations are created indirectly through

Compare and contrast conflict and consensus theories, paying particular attention to their divergent understandings of how society is organized, the nature of power and authority, and the role of law.

Ideology is a process

What is the primary class struggle in capitalist society?

_____ is crucial for maintaining state control and unequal class relations.

Historical materialists describe capitalism as a means of production.