Question 1

According to Cloward and Ohlin's research, Type III boys

Accepted Answer

A)   want middle-class success within middle-class standards.
B)   want monetary success and internalize middle-class values.
C)   want monetary success, but don't internalize middle-class values.
D)   are dropouts. B

Question 2

Which type of subculture focuses on highly visible acts of interpersonal violence, gang warfare, and property destruction?

Accepted Answer

A)   conflict subcultures
B)   retreatist subcultures
C)   criminal subcultures
D)   underground subcultures B

Question 3

Shaw and McKay's research on delinquency is often held up as an exemplar of the Chicago School. Briefly explain what distinguishes the Chicago approach from other criminological theories. Be sure to address at least two key findings from Shaw and McKay's work in the course of your answer.

Accepted Answer

a. The Chicago School emphasized the "ecological" aspects of the city and their relation to crime.
Any two of the following points:
b. Rates of juvenile delinquency were linked to particular areas of the city.
c. The residences of juvenile delinquents were clustered in particular areas of the city.
d. Rates of juvenile delinquency were higher in some parts of the city-regardless of which ethnic group was living there at the time.
e. Middle-class areas of the city had lower amounts of juvenile delinquency, a finding that might reflect the "voluntary" social control typically found in such areas (e.g., PTA, clubs) and/or that fact that middle-class youth have less contact with "deviant" adults.
f. Juvenile delinquents tend to be exposed to a tradition of delinquency in their neighborhoods and/or they have contact with criminal adults.
g. Neighborhood "disorganization" was correlated with crime and delinquency.

Question 4

Cohen believed that due to the "middle-class measuring rod," most juvenile delinquents are drawn from the poor and working classes.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 5

According to Miller, boys who are reared by a single mother are likely to

Accepted Answer

A)   become effeminate and homosexual.
B)   experience teasing and humiliation.
C)   suffer from poverty and loose morals.
D)   suffer from an identity crisis and develop problems with gender-role identification.

Question 6

Becker's research on marijuana users indicates that

Accepted Answer

A)   they must learn to experience the effects of marijuana as pleasurable.
B)   they must learn to deceive their parents about their use.
C)   they get high on the first try.
D)   users of medical marijuana do not experience a high from the drug.

Question 7

The "middle-class measuring rod," by which all children are evaluated, includes

Accepted Answer

A)   income levels and graduated resources distributed based on ability to pay.
B)   ambition, individual responsibility, achievement, and constructive leisure.
C)   adjustment mechanisms.
D)   both a and c.

Question 8

From a labeling perspective, crime and deviance are

Accepted Answer

A)   never fully understandable.
B)   pregiven, objective categories and nonnegotiable statuses.
C)   socially relative categories and negotiable statuses.
D)   relatively similar concepts and statuses cross-culturally and historically.

Question 9

According to Cohen, in response to the "status frustration" that they experience, working-class boys often respond with a

Accepted Answer

A)   control strategy.
B)   physical altercation with a middle-class boy.
C)   plea for help from the principal of their schools.
D)   reaction formation.

Question 10

Shaw and McKay believed that neighborhoods with high rates of delinquency were usually ethnic-minority communities because

Accepted Answer

A)   they were morally inferior to the white natives of Chicago.
B)   they had not had the opportunities to work their way out of those conditions yet.
C)   those communities were battling cultural conflicts among themselves.
D)   the immigrants were ill-equipped for doing business in the United States.

Question 11

Cloward and Ohlin believed that Type III boys were high achievers in educational settings and had aspirations for economic success through legitimate workforce participation.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 12

In his critique of Matza, Jack Katz argues that criminologists should study the

Accepted Answer

A)   foreground of delinquency and crime.
B)   background or social causes of delinquency and crime.
C)   intellectual aspects of delinquency and crime.
D)   political meaning of delinquency and crime.

Question 13

Labeling theory flourished in the 1960s and dominated criminology for a time, but has not led to new research since then.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 14

Although their work differs, Albert Cohen, Walter Miller, Richard Clower, and Lloyd Ohlin are considered "subcultural theorists." Briefly explain two key ideas these subcultural theorists share. Next, briefly discuss the different ways these theorists explain why working-class boys are involved in delinquent subcultures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Although their work differs, Albert Cohen, Walter...

Question 15

Which of the following is not a key concept of Matza's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)   conformity subculture
B)   subculture of delinquency
C)   drift
D)   positive delinquency

Question 16

Shaw and McKay's study Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas found that delinquency rates were higher in the zone of transition than in the suburban areas of Chicago.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 17

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, by Thomas and Znaniecki

Accepted Answer

A)   employed official documents from government agencies to track Polish immigrants.
B)   used government-sponsored survey research to estimate the numbers of Polish immigrants.
C)   used personal documents and life histories to examine the circumstances of Polish immigrants.
D)   used in-depth interviews to help Polish immigrants understand their new surroundings.

Question 18

Unlike previous criminologists, Chicago School scholars believed that delinquents were

Accepted Answer

A)   abnormal people living in normal conditions.
B)   normal people living in normal conditions.
C)   abnormal people living in abnormal conditions.
D)   normal people living in abnormal conditions.

Question 19

Miller's research linked lower-class boys' juvenile delinquency with female-headed households.

Accepted Answer

A) True 
 B)False

Question 20

In studying the demographics of juvenile delinquency, Shaw and McKay identified the highest rates of delinquency in

Accepted Answer

A)   suburban areas.
B)   the zone of transition.
C)   the central business district.
D)   rural areas.

Exam 5: Delinquent Subcultures, Subcultures of Delinquency, and the Labeling

According to Cloward and Ohlin's research, Type III boys

Which type of subculture focuses on highly visible acts of interpersonal violence, gang warfare, and property destruction?

Shaw and McKay's research on delinquency is often held up as an exemplar of the Chicago School. Briefly explain what distinguishes the Chicago approach from other criminological theories. Be sure to address at least two key findings from Shaw and McKay's work in the course of your answer.

Cohen believed that due to the "middle-class measuring rod," most juvenile delinquents are drawn from the poor and working classes.

According to Miller, boys who are reared by a single mother are likely to

Becker's research on marijuana users indicates that

The "middle-class measuring rod," by which all children are evaluated, includes

From a labeling perspective, crime and deviance are

According to Cohen, in response to the "status frustration" that they experience, working-class boys often respond with a

Shaw and McKay believed that neighborhoods with high rates of delinquency were usually ethnic-minority communities because

Cloward and Ohlin believed that Type III boys were high achievers in educational settings and had aspirations for economic success through legitimate workforce participation.

In his critique of Matza, Jack Katz argues that criminologists should study the

Labeling theory flourished in the 1960s and dominated criminology for a time, but has not led to new research since then.

Which of the following is not a key concept of Matza's theory?

Shaw and McKay's study Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas found that delinquency rates were higher in the zone of transition than in the suburban areas of Chicago.

The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, by Thomas and Znaniecki

Unlike previous criminologists, Chicago School scholars believed that delinquents were

Miller's research linked lower-class boys' juvenile delinquency with female-headed households.

In studying the demographics of juvenile delinquency, Shaw and McKay identified the highest rates of delinquency in