How Are Retailers Able to Impose Expensive Slotting Fees on Manufacturers

Multiple Choice

How are retailers able to impose expensive slotting fees on manufacturers? 

A)  Retailers face intense competition to acquire distribution rights. 
B)  They are contractual agreements. 
C)  The balance of power has shifted away from manufacturers and toward retailers. 
D)  They are a form of pay-for-performance. 
E)  The Federal Trade Commission condones the action.