Question 1

What cognitive tendency is described by the conjunction fallacy

Accepted Answer

A)  drawing general conclusions based on a few isolated cases 
B)  ignoring information about base rates when estimating the probabilities of certain combinations of outcomes 
C)  believing that the odds of two uncertain events happening together are greater than the odds of either event happening alone 
D)  overestimating the odds of a chance event if that event hasn't occurred recently

Question 2

Which type of decision does research indicate people find most satisfying

Accepted Answer

A)  unconscious 
B)  conscious 
C)  preconscious 
D)  semi-conscious

Question 3

What is known about the use of telegraphic speech across cultures

Accepted Answer

A)  Telegraphic speech is more prevalent in Western cultures than in non-Western cultures. 
B)  The emergence of telegraphic speech is unique to the English language. 
C)  The emergence of telegraphic speech is a cross-cultural, universal aspect of language development. 
D)  Although telegraphic speech occurs in many languages, it is not a universal aspect of language development.

Question 4

Which of the following would constitute underextension,if done by a 3-year-old child

Accepted Answer

A)  using the word "dress" for all items of clothing 
B)  only using the word "kitty" to refer to her own cat and not others 
C)  forgetting the word "banana" because it was just learned today 
D)  leaving words out of sentences, while retaining the basic meaning

Question 5

Stating that "all good Canadians will agree ..." is an example of which of the following

Accepted Answer

A)  anticipatory name calling 
B)  the expectancy model 
C)  retrograde name calling 
D)  name calling with the intention of invoking negative group membership

Question 6

You can't think of a single instance when Cathy helped you out,and so you decide that Cathy must be an ungenerous person.What are you using to make this judgment

Accepted Answer

A)  representativeness heuristic 
B)  expected value 
C)  availability heuristic 
D)  subjective utility

Question 7

Why would an algorithm be highly inefficient in resolving the matchstick problem

Accepted Answer

A)  Algorithms are most effective when there are relatively few possible solutions to be tried out. 
B)  Algorithms are most effective when there are relatively many possible solutions to be tried out. 
C)  Algorithms are ineffective in solving puzzles. 
D)  Algorithms are ineffective when there are relatively few possible solutions to be tried out.

Question 8

Which term refers to the approach to problem solving which is best used when whether you solve the problem hinges on how you envision it

Accepted Answer

A)  changing the representation of the problem 
B)  taking a break 
C)  incubation 
D)  changing the analogy of the problem

Question 9

A child says "wented" as the past tense of the verb "to go." What type of common error is this

Accepted Answer

A)  metalinguistic transformation 
B)  semantic slanting 
C)  motherese 
D)  overregularization

Question 10

There is a limited time span during which a child is particularly responsive to experiences which impact language development.Which term refers to this optimal period of development for language

Accepted Answer

A)  acquisition period 
B)  manual mode period 
C)  critical period 
D)  sensitive period

Question 11

Jesse
Jesse was playing with marbles when one of the marbles fell into a heating vent in the floor. Jesse could see the marble, but he couldn't reach it because the slats of the vent were too close together for his hand, and he couldn't remove the lid. Jesse said, rather sarcastically to himself, "Well, that's just fabulous." He looked around the room for something that he could use to retrieve the marble. When he saw his juice glass with the straw in it, he got an idea. He took the straw, carefully lowered it into the vent until it touched the marble. Then he sucked on the straw so that it "grabbed" the marble as he gently raised it back up into his waiting hand. Quite pleased with himself, and a little dizzy, Jesse went back to playing marbles.
-What age would you expect Jesse to be,based on his use of sarcasm

Accepted Answer

A)  3 years 
B)  6 years 
C)  9 years 
D)  12 years

Question 12

Phonemes are the smallest units of which component of language

Accepted Answer

A)  meaning 
B)  sound 
C)  dialect 
D)  syntax

Question 13

What occurs when the word "able" is changed to the word "table"

Accepted Answer

A)  The number of phonemes and morphemes both increase. 
B)  The number of phonemes decrease, but the number of morphemes increase. 
C)  The number of phonemes stay the same, but the number of morphemes increase. 
D)  The number of phonemes increase, but the number of morphemes stay the same.

Question 14

The objective value of an outcome to a particular problem is usually clear and concise.Subjective utility,on the other hand,tends to carry with it a great deal of variability.What exactly is meant by subjective utility in the decision-making process

Accepted Answer

A)  what the outcome is personally worth to the individual 
B)  what the outcome is worth in social bargaining units 
C)  the value of the outcome where there is risk involved 
D)  subjective probability

Question 15

Which of the following is an example of semantic slanting

Accepted Answer

A)  changing the name of a restaurant so that it rhymes with the name of the city 
B)  referring to a funeral as a "celebration of life" 
C)  calling your enemy a moron 
D)  seeing the glass as half full, rather than half empty

Question 16

Four-year-old Nina says,"I runned all the way home." What does this likely indicate

Accepted Answer

A)  Nina hears improper verb forms spoken in her home. 
B)  Nina has forgotten the correct way to form the past tense. 
C)  Nina is still relying on telegraphic speech to convey meaning. 
D)  Nina is overregularizing a grammatical rule.

Question 17

Dr.Prasad believes that experience with reinforcement determines which specific aspects of language an individual will eventually master.Who would be most likely to agree with Dr.Prasad

Accepted Answer

A)  Benjamin Whorf?b. 
B)  F. Skinner 
C)  Noam Chomsky 
D)  Herbert Simon

Question 18

What should you expect to find if you were to compare adult speech with the variety of noises made by infants under six months of age

Accepted Answer

A)  Adults can produce more phonemes than are infants. 
B)  Adults and infants both use the same number of phonemes. 
C)  Infants produce more phonemes than adults do. 
D)  Infants produce more morphemes than adults do.

Question 19

Michiko lives in Japan,and Krystal,Michiko's pen pal,lives in Canada.Based on the research by Nisbett and his colleagues into cultural differences in cognitive styles,which styles should you predict that each person will tend to use

Accepted Answer

A)  Michiko will be heuristic, and Krystal will be algorithmic. 
B)  Michiko will be holistic, and Krystal will be analytic. 
C)  Michiko will be field independent, and Krystal will be field dependent. 
D)  Michiko will be heuristic, and Krystal will be holistic.

Question 20

What is the smallest unit of meaning in a language

Accepted Answer

A)  phrase 
B)  morpheme 
C)  phoneme 
D)  word

Exam 8: A: Language and Thought