A Study Finds a Strong Positive Association Between Sizes of Children

Multiple Choice

A study finds a strong positive association between sizes of children feet and results in spelling tests.Describe three different possible cause-and-effect relationships that might be present.

A) There are only two cause-and-effect relationships: older children cause better spelling tests,spelling tests cause older children.
B) There are only one cause-and-effect relationship: feet sizes cause better spelling tests,because children with larger feet do better on spelling tests than children with smaller feet,on average.
C) Perhaps foot size causes better performance on spelling tests,spelling tests causes children to become older,or both could be caused by a lurking variable such as the school.
D) Perhaps foot size causes better performance on spelling tests,good performance on spelling tests cause bigger foot sizes,or both could be caused by a lurking variable such as the age.
E) There are no possible cause-and-effect relationships.