Question 1

A counselor tries to use sports' metaphors with her clients in order to help them gain insight into their behavior.Certain clients lack the background knowledge about sports to understand her messages,so they fail to demonstrate any increased understanding about themselves or their problems.This primarily describes a failure of

Accepted Answer

A)  assimilation.
B)  accommodation
C)  intrinsic motivation
D)  accepting new information B

Question 2

General guidelines for intervention programs for children with autism spectrum disorder include

Accepted Answer

A)  intensive social skills intervention beginning in the teen years.
B)  early entry into intervention,use of Applied Behavior Analysis,and parent training and support.
C)  infrequent assessment in order to reduce stress and negative effects of labeling.
D)  maintaining separate learning environments so that autistic children do not need to interact with their typically developing peers. C

Question 3

One important lesson that people in helping professional can take from Piaget's and Vygotsky's work is that

Accepted Answer

A)  children must be expected to make independent progress,and not to be supported by adults in every task.
B)  understanding how young clients think can help in structuring interventions that build effectively on existing knowledge and meanings.
C)  stages of cognitive development proceed regularly,and are not altered by individual experiences.
D)  language learning is not necessary for children to make progress in problem solving. B

Question 4

Which of the following is the best example of the concept of a zone of proximal development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Sherri works on her algebra homework for two hours without being able to answer a single question correctly.
B)  Jeff makes a note of the homework assignment for his last period class and completes it while riding home on the school bus.
C)  Cindy explains to her younger sister how to solve a problem in math by organizing the information in a new way.Her younger sister can then complete her homework.
D)  A mother shows her 8-month-old infant flashcards of words in different languages while she repeats each word on the card.

Question 5

Ms.Hernandez is working with 4-year-old Peter,who is afraid of the dark.He believes monsters come out at night like he has seen on TV.Ms.Hernandez patiently explains that there are no real monsters,but to no avail.Peter still refuses to go to sleep.What might Piaget propose as the reason for this treatment failure?

Accepted Answer

A)  Ms.Hernandez has not challenged Peter's irrational beliefs in a way that gets his attention.
B)  Peter,at 4 years old,still has difficulty understanding that monsters are not real because he sees monsters on TV.
C)  Peter can understand what Ms.Hernandez is telling him,but he has difficulty expressing his feelings about it.
D)  Peter's parents have not done enough explaining about the true nature of TV monsters so that he can better understand.

Question 6

Developmentalists study what infants and children understand about other people's intentions,desires,beliefs,feelings,and so on.This field of study is referred to as

Accepted Answer

A)  cognitive development.
B)  theory of mind.
C)  concrete operational thought
D)  preoperational thought.

Question 7

Based on what you have learned about language development,what advice would you give to new parents who are concerned about their child's literacy and later success in school?

Accepted Answer

A)  Use flashcards of vocabulary words to increase vocabulary size.
B)  Allow children to develop according to their own inner timetable,because all children eventually develop similar levels of vocabulary knowledge.
C)  Children should have formal reading instruction beginning in preschool.
D)  Parents and caregivers should provide lots of good quality language experience and practice by asking questions and elaborating on many topics of interest to their children.

Question 8

Jacinta,the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy,is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning.Whose opinion of the situation is most consistent with what you have learned about infant cognitive development?

Accepted Answer

A)  Jacinta's sister,who believes the baby has been spoiled by too much attention and now has difficulty separating.
B)  Jacinta's mother,who believes the baby must have a physical problem that is causing him to be clingy.
C)  Manuel,the baby's father,who believes the boy must not like his babysitter.
D)  Jacinta's neighbor,who says her children went through this stage and Jacinta should try to be understanding and maintain a consistent environment.

Question 9

Which of the following statements is most accurate with regard to Piaget's theory?

Accepted Answer

A)  Piaget firmly believed that children who were at a particular stage of cognitive development had the same level of understanding in all areas,such as understanding causality,morality,agency,etc.
B)  Piaget believed that children's progress through the stages could vary.For example,very intelligent children could skip a stage.
C)  Piaget believed in the dynamic quality of stages and understood that children in the same stage could vary greatly in their specific understanding of causality,morality,and so forth.
D)  Piaget believed that children could vary in their understanding of morality but that their understanding of causality was the same for all children within a particular stage.

Question 10

Assimilation can be described as ____________ and accommodation can be described as ____________.

Accepted Answer

A)  incorporating information / quantifying information.
B)  incorporating information / restructuring information.
C)  restructuring information / incorporating information.
D)  quantifying information / restructuring information.

Question 11

Identify three assumptions about children and childrearing that may differ for different cultural groups.,

Accepted Answer

The answer of Identify three assumptions about children and childrearing...

Question 12

Jacinta,the mother of a 10-month-old baby boy,is concerned about her son's increasing fussiness when she leaves him with his babysitter each morning.Which explanation of his behavior is most likely to be accurate?

Accepted Answer

A)  He is showing separation distress because his recognition memory is improving during this period.
B)  He is showing separation distress because his recall memory is improving during this period.
C)  He is showing lack of habituation to his caregiver which suggests the need to seek out a new babysitter.
D)  He is showing increased willfulness suggesting the need for greater discipline from his parents.

Question 13

Which of the following statements does not reflect contemporary critiques of Piagetian theory that have experimental support?

Accepted Answer

A)  Progress in intellectual development is often domain-specific.
B)  Preschoolers may be capable of more advanced cognitive tasks than Piaget had specified.
C)  Infants may have a rudimentary understanding of object permanence earlier in infancy than Piaget suspected.
D)  Infants frequently have the ability to mentally represent objects at birth.

Question 14

According to Vygotsky,language is one product of shared understanding among members of a social group and may be considered a ____________ that facilitates learning and thinking.

Accepted Answer

A)  scaffold
B)  tool or sign
C)  culture
D)  developmental line

Question 15

In a number conservation task a set of discrete items is laid out in two rows They are first laid out in exactly the same way,and then one row is moved so that the items are farther apart.Typically,3- and 4-year-olds

Accepted Answer

A)  recognize that the rows have the same number when they are arranged identically,but believe there are more items when they are farther apart.
B)  have no trouble with simple number conservation tasks like this,but make mistakes with more abstract math problems.
C)  can easily decenter from the number of objects to consider the spacing of items at the same time.
D)  realize that number of items is conserved when they are moved around,because they take into account all the relevant observations at once.

Question 16

When 2-year-old Sabrina does not comply with requests,her mother tells her that she is not acting like a good girl and that Sabrina's father and sisters will be disappointed.She is told to wait until they come home when she will be punished for her misbehavior.What advice should a counselor give to Sabrina's mother?

Accepted Answer

A)  Even though Sabrina might not like her mother's approach,be consistent with this so that she'll eventually understand and learn to comply.
B)  Do not tell Sabrina that her older sisters will be disappointed with her because this causes sibling rivalry.
C)  Any consequence for misbehavior should be immediate,because Sabrina is too young to understand cause and effect when the consequences are so delayed.
D)  It is better to take some action that is more concrete,such as spanking Sabrina for misbehavior.

Question 17

Normal fears in preschool children tend to

Accepted Answer

A)  be characterized by anxieties about family problems,like a family breakup.
B)  involve imaginary creatures like ghosts and monsters.
C)  involve worries about not keeping up with other children.
D)  be expressed in compulsive behaviors like checking.Chapter 3 Essay QuestionsSee answer key for potential essay answers)

Question 18

Reflective clinicians often absorb the tenets and techniques associated with major

Accepted Answer

A)  constructivism.
B)  behaviorism.
C)  humanism.
D)  existentialism.

Question 19

Research using habituation and preferential response paradigms has provided us with much of what we know about the infant's perceptual abilities.The habituation paradigm takes advantage of

Accepted Answer

A)  baby's ability to form habits
B)  the absence of an orientation response in infants
C)  baby's ability to report their own reactions
D)  baby's tendency to orient to new stimulation

Question 20

The general consensus is that disorders of the autism spectrum

Accepted Answer

A)  are not related to any detectable brain growth abnormalities.
B)  are directly caused by pediatric vaccines containing thimerosal.
C)  are neurobiological in nature and have high family concordance rates.
D)  cannot be reliably diagnosed because there is too much variation.

Exam 3: Cognitive Development in the Early