Question 1

An organism learns associations between events it does not control during the process of

Accepted Answer

A)  negative reinforcement. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  classical conditioning. 
D)  shaping.

Question 2

Working hard every day of the year for the gratification of a bonus paycheck at the end of the year best illustrates the impact of ________ on behavior.

Accepted Answer

A)  shaping 
B)  primary reinforcers 
C)  variable-interval schedules 
D)  delayed reinforcers

Question 3

An enclosure containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer is called a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  time-out room. 
B)  operant chamber. 
C)  unconditioned stimulus. 
D)  observational platform.

Question 4

Brandon is trying to train his dog to sit and roll over.He will be most successful if he rewards his dog based on

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  respondent behavior. 
C)  operant conditioning. 
D)  successive approximations.

Question 5

Punishment ________ the rate of operant responding,and negative reinforcement ________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

A)  increases;decreases 
B)  decreases;increases 
C)  decreases;decreases 
D)  has no effect on;has no effect on

Question 6

Giving a hungry rat food for pressing a bar before the rat has a chance to engage in other incidental behaviors like running or scratching best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  secondary reinforcement. 
C)  intermittent reinforcement. 
D)  immediate reinforcement.

Question 7

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-ratio 
B)  variable-ratio 
C)  fixed-interval 
D)  variable-interval

Question 8

An executive in a computer software firm works with his office door closed.At the same time every hour he opens the door to see what his employees are doing.The employees have learned to work especially hard during the five minutes before and while the door is open.Their work pattern is typical of responses that are reinforced on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  fixed-ratio 
C)  variable-ratio 
D)  variable-interval

Question 9

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 50,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)  fixed-interval 
B)  variable-interval 
C)  fixed-ratio 
D)  variable-ratio

Question 10

Money is to food as ________ is to ________.

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed reinforcer;immediate reinforcer 
B)  secondary reinforcer;primary reinforcer 
C)  discrimination;generalization 
D)  partial reinforcement;continuous reinforcement

Question 11

Learning that some responses,but not others,will be reinforced is called

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent behavior. 
B)  secondary reinforcement. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  spontaneous recovery.

Question 12

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?

Accepted Answer

A)  primary conditioning 
B)  classical conditioning 
C)  operant conditioning 
D)  delayed conditioning

Question 13

In classical conditioning,an organism forms associations between

Accepted Answer

A)  immediate and delayed reinforcers. 
B)  events that it does not control. 
C)  primary and secondary reinforcers. 
D)  its own behavior and resulting outcomes.

Question 14

Pacing the presentation of educational materials according to a student's unique level and rate of learning is best exemplified by ________ computer software programs.

Accepted Answer

A)  respondent behavior 
B)  adaptive learning 
C)  variable-interval 
D)  secondary conditioning

Question 15

A hungry rat in an operant chamber is reinforced with food after pressing a bar only if a light on the chamber wall is on.If the rat learns to press the bar only when the light is on,this would indicate that the light is a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)  primary reinforcer. 
B)  discriminative stimulus. 
C)  negative reinforcer. 
D)  unconditioned stimulus.

Question 16

Some teachers have reduced the disruptive classroom behavior of students by imposing a time-out following disruptive behavior.In this case,the time-out is a

Accepted Answer

A)  conditioned reinforcer. 
B)  negative reinforcer. 
C)  primary reinforcer. 
D)  punishment.

Question 17

Individually paced instruction that provides students with immediate positive feedback following their correct responses best illustrates an application of

Accepted Answer

A)  spontaneous recovery. 
B)  classical conditioning. 
C)  discrimination. 
D)  operant conditioning.

Question 18

Operant response rates tend to be ________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule.Operant response rates tend to be ________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)  higher;less 
B)  lower;more 
C)  higher;more 
D)  lower;less

Question 19

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors,animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

Accepted Answer

A)  delayed reinforcement. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  generalization. 
D)  shaping.

Question 20

Every time he drinks,Boris has a painful hangover the morning after.But he continues to drink because just a single drink reduces his anxiety.Boris' continued drinking illustrates the power of

Accepted Answer

A)  generalization. 
B)  spontaneous recovery. 
C)  extinction. 
D)  immediate reinforcement.

Exam 21: Classical Conditioning